इतिहास

Khilji dynasty

1. Khilji Dynasty was founded by Jallaludin Khilji.

2. He was killed by his nephew Allaudin Khilji.

3. Allaudin occupies an honourable place in the history of medicular India.

4. He was the 1st sultan who did allow ULEMA to interfere in state matters.

5. He maintained a large army and needed money for its maintenance.

6. He introduced a new revenue system according to which the cultivated land was measured and revenue fixed on the basis of average yield.

7. He maintained a strict market control so that prices of essential commodities can be checked and the salary of soldiers can be lowered.

8. He patronized Amir Khusro.

9. He extended his empire by winning Gujarat, Jaisalmer, Chittor, Bengal & Kashmir.

10. He was attracted by the beauty of Rani Padmni of Chittor and promised to return if rani is shown to him in mirror.


Tuglak

1. Tughlak Dynast was founded by Giasudin Tuglak.

2. He was succeeded by his own prince Jonakhan who later assumed the title Mohammad-Bin-Tughlak. He was the 1st sultan of Delhi who was tolerant towards Hindus and gave respectable posts to Hindus and Muslims on the basis of merits.

3. He shifted his capital from Delhi to Daultabad/Devegiri in order to have a better control over South but soon realise that this made his Northern frontiers weak and had to return to Delhi.

4. He was an over ambitious king and made very big plans. All of which failed later, therefore, he is know as Mad King.

5. He introduced for the first time the token currency system and issued many new coins.

6. Ibn Batuta, the famous Moroccan traveler visited his court in 1333. He wrote Safarnama.

Lodhi Dynasty

1. It was the last ruling dynast of Delhi.

2. Balilal Lodhi was the founder of this Dynasty.

3. His son Sikandar Lodhi was a good administrator.

4. He shifted his capital from Delhi to a new town which was later called Agra.

5. After Sikander’s death, Ibrahim Lodhi ascended to the throne.

6. Babur defeated him in 1526 in the first battle of Panipat.


Vijay Nagar Empire

1. The founder of this empire were two brothers Hariharan and Bukha Roy who revolted against Mohammad Tuglak in 1336 and founded a new city called Vijaynagar.

2. Hariharn was the first ruler of this Dynasty.

3. Krishan Dev Roy was the most important king of this Dynasty.

4. He spent huge sums of money on the buildings and repair of temples.

5. He died in 1529 and with his death departed the glory of VijayNagar Empire in 1556.

6. The three kingdom of Bijapur, Golconda and Ahmednagar united and defeated the Vijay Nagar Empire in the battle of Talikote 1556.

Chola

1. The Chola kingdom came to prominence in 9th Century AD.

2. Its founder was Vijayala and the greatest ruler was Raj Raja Chole.

3. He constructed large artificial lakes and dams.

4. The Tanjor temple was built by Raj Raje Chola.

5. The main source of income was tax on Land.

6. The cholas are know for their system of Administration in which a village was given full autonomy.

7. They also maintained standing army as well as navy.

Mughal Dynasty.

1. In 1526 in the 1st battle of Panipat Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodhi and established the rule of Mughals.

2. Babur occupied Agra.

3. He died in Agra in 1530.

4. After Babar his son Humayun came to thrown.

5. Mughals have to leave India after the attack of Afghans.

i. Babar
ii. Humayu
iii. Akbar
iv. Jahangir (Salim)
v. Shahjahan (Khuram)
vi. Aurangzeb

Akbar

1. Akbar the son and the successor of Humayun completed the conquest of North India and made Mughal Empire not only the strongest state of India but also one of the best administered state of this time.

2. He was born on 15th October 1542 in Amarkot.

3. He was declared the emperor of Punjab.

4. He appointed Bairam Khan as his wazir and gave him the title of Kane-e-khan.

5. While Akbar was in Punjab Hemu the Wazir of Adil Shah proceeded from Gwalior and captured Delhi and Agra, on the advice of Bairam Khan proceeded towards Delhi and met Hemu in the 2nd battle of Panipat in 1556. Hemu was captured and killed and thus Akbar succeeded in recovering Delhi and Agra.

6. He introduced many important changes in the system of administration.

7. He introduced Mansabdari system and divided his empire into 15 subhas.

8. The governor or the Subedar was responsible for the maintenance of law and order.

9. There were many learned men in the court of Akbar such as Abul Fazal, Birbal, Tansen, Todarmal and so on.

10. Persian was the official language

11. Akbar was the good patron of music and painting.

12. Royal patronage of painter and artist led to the development of new Indian Persian style of art.

13. He followed a liberal policy and showed his faith in all the religions.

14. He started a new religion path Din-A-Ilahi.

15. He was married to daughter of Raja Behanmal.

16. Akbar’s rein was most important in Mughal Dynasty. He was a able king to consolidate the empire and organise it efficiently.

Jhangir

1. On Akbar’s death in 1605 price Salim ascended the throne under the title of Jahangir.

2. In 1611 Jhangir married Nurjahan. She was beautiful and an intelligent woman. She took keen interest in the matter of state.

3. Jahangir fell ill for a long period and during this time, she looked after the affairs of king and she led the empire.

4. She became so powerful that even the coins were issued jointly in the name of Nurjahan and Jahangir.

5. By this time, the English were also getting interested in the possibility of trade with India.

6. It was during Jahangir’s rein that the English king James I sent his ambassador, Sir Thomas Roa to the Court of Agra for permission to set up trade relations and factory of East India Company in 1610.

7. Jahangir died on November 4, 1627 in Lahor on his way back from Kashmir.

8. Jahangir’s mausoleum is at Lahor.


Shah Jahan (1628-66)

1. Prince Khuram succeeded the throne under the title Shah Jahan.

2. Taj Mahal was built by him in the memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal.

3. He used the Peacock throne which was later taken to Iran by Nadir Shah.

4. Shah Jahan built a new city as his capital Shahjahanabad. Today it is a part of Delhi.

5. In 1657, he fell ill and his four sons immediately began fighting among themselves.

6. Aurangzeb won and kept his father as a prisoner at the fort of Agra.

7. When he died in 1666, he was burried along with his wife in Taj Mahal.

8. The rein of Saha Jahan has been called the Golden Period of Mughal Empire.

9. Shah Jahan was very rich. He built Jama Masjid, Lal Kila at Delhi.

Aurangzeb

1. Aurangzeb was formally crowned in Delhi with the title ‘ALAMGIR’ in May 1659.

2. The Emperor needed money for his campaign so he raised the taxes. This made him unpopular.

3. The Marathas under the leadership of Shivaji finally declared independence.

4. As long as Aurangzeb was alive he managed to keep some control on the empire but with his death disintegration of the State started.

5. Aurangzeb died in 1707 at Aurangabad.

Shivaji

1. Shivaji the son of Shahji Bhonsle was born in 1627.

2. He got the title Chatrapati.

3. He fought with Mughals and declare his independence in 1674, with his capital at Raigarh.

4. Shivaji died in 1680.

5. After his death, his son Shambhuji succeeded but was defeated and later killed by Aurangzeb.

6. The Marathas were decisively defeated in the 3rd Battle of Panipat in 1761.

Gazni

1. Mohammad of Gazni ascended to the throne in 998 AD.

2. He attacked India 17 times between the year 1000-1025 AD.

3. His main objective was to plunder the wealth of India.

4. For this purpose he attacked only temple town because temples were large depot of wealth.

5. His last exploit was in 1025 when he destroyed the Somnath temple.

6. He was the patron of famous Persian Poet Firdausi who wrote the epic Shah Nama.

7. He also sent his ambassador AlBeruni to India.

Mohomad Gori

1. Mohammad Gori attacked India with the object of conquering and adding it permanently to his kingdom

2. In 1191 he was defeated by Prithvi Raj Chauhan in 1st Battle of Terain or Thanesar.

3. He defeated Prithvi Raj Chauhan in the 2nd Battle of Terain in 1192.

Slave Dynasty

1. On his death, his commander in chief Kutab-din-Aibek established a new kingdom which was later known as Delhi Sultanat.

2. Kutub-din-Aibik founded the Slave Dynasty. He built two great mosque one at Delhi and other at Ajmer known as Adhai Din ka Jhopda.

3. The famous Qutab Minar was also started by him but was later completed by Iltumish.

4. Iltumish was formally acknowledged the sultan of India in 1216.

5. Iltumish died in 1236 and named Razia beigum his daughter as successor who became the first women ruler of India.

Nadir Shah

1. He was the king of Iran. He invaded India in 1739.

2. The Mughal empire was not in a position to repel and Nadir Shah marched down to Delhi and proclaimed himself the Emperor of Hindustan.

3. He carried away enormous gold, silver and jewels with him.

4. The Peacock throne of Shahajahan and the Kohinoor was taken away by him to Iran.

5. Nadirshah invaded India during the rein of Mohammad Shah.

Sikh Religion

1. The Sikh religion was founded by Guru Nanak Dev Ji.

2. He was born at Talwandi in Western Punjab in 1469, like Kabir he tried to bring Hindus and Muslim together.

3. The 5th Guru Arjun Dev Ji was tortured to death by Jahangir.

4. The 9th Guru Teg Bhadur Ji was killed by Aurangzeb.

5. Guru Teg Bhadur’s son Guru Gobind Singh was born at Patna. He organized Sikhs into a fighting force and fought many battles with Mughals.

6. He stated a new religion path Khalsa on a Basakhi day in 1699 at Anandpur.

7. Guru Granth Sabhib or Adi Granth was compiled by Guru Arjun Dev Ji.

Battle of Plasey

In 1757 Lord Clive leading the British Army inflected defeat on Nawab Srijaudaula the Nawab of Bengal. The larger part of Nawab’s army did not participated in the battle because treachery by Mir Jafar and Rai Durlab. Thus the battle of Plasey laid the foundation of British Empire in India.

Battle of Buxar.

In 1764, the English defeated the Combine forces of Srijaudaula, Mir Jafir and ShahAlam in the Battle of Buxar. This battle made British supreme and they became the real masters of Bengal. Thus, there was dual Govt. in Bengal. Nawab had the responsibility but no powers.

Robert Clive

Robert Clive who had returned to England in 1760 came back as a governor of Bengal in 1756. He secured Diwani rights from Shahalam II covering the areas of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa.

Mysore

1. The state of Mysore came to prominence under the leadership of Haider Ali. His capital was at SriRangapatnam. In the 1st Anglo Mysore was Haider Ali was defeated and was forced to give Diwani Rights to the British.

2. In the 2nd Anglo Mysore was 1780-84 Haider Ali was defeated in 1781 and died in 1782. But his son Tipu Sultan continued the War.

3. In the 3rd Anglo Mysore war 1790-92 Lord Cornwallis forced Tipu Sultan to surrender. He kept half of his territory and two sons as hostages.

4. In the 4th Anglo Mysore War Lord Wellesley defeated and killed Tipu Sultan. He died fighting.

Revolt of 1857

On 28th March, 1857 Mangal Pandey a sepoy of 34th Regiment fired at his Sargent and asked his commanders to revolt against British. He was captured and killed the revolt actually began on 10th may 1857 (Monday) at Meerut. The soldier killed many English officers and civilians. Released the prisoners and march towards Delhi. Delhi was captured by rebellion on 12th May and Bahadur Shah was proclaimed as an emperor of India. The revolt soon covered many parts of Central and North India. In Kanpur, Nanasahib, Tantiatope, Ajim Ulah in Jhansi. Rani Laxmi Bai and at Lucknow, Begum Hasrat Mahal revolted. The civilians also participated in large numbers. The revolt was completed suppressed by the end of 1858. Rani Laxmi Bai died fighting and Bahadur Shah was exiled to Rangoon as a prisoner. The main causes of failure of revolt were:

i. lack of proper leadership
ii. The British had better arms and resources.
iii. Natives rulers and educated Indian class did not participate.

General History

1. The Portuguese were the first among Europeans to establish direct trade links with India.

2. Vascodegama, a Portuguese traveler reached Calicut in 1498 via Cape of Good Hope.

3. The Dutch formed several trading companies by the end of 16th Century.

4. The French trade was established in 1664.

5. In 1600, the British company was granted permission by Queen Elizabeth II to trade with India.

6. The British East India company was set up in 1600.

7. In 1608 the first vessel reached India at Surat.

8. British setup their first factory at Surat in 1612

9. In 1698 a new company was established know as East India Company.

10. In the earlier 18th century they got trading rights in territory of Bengal, Hyderabad, Gujarat etc. from the Mugal Empire Farookh Siyar.

11. Subsidary Alliance system was introduced by Loard Wellesley. Under this system the British made a subsidiary army in the territory of its ally and in turn took a part of his territory.

12. Doctrin of Lapse was introduced by Lord Dalhousie. Under this he assisted the territory of State which did not have a legal heir.

13. Regulating Act was passed by the British Government in 1773. The Governor of Bengal was made Governor General of India Warrenhasting became the 1st Governor General of India.

14. Pitts India Act was passed in 1784 to remove the shortcomings of Regulatory Act for the first time.

15. The Permanent Settlement of Bengal was introduced by Lord Cornwallis in 1793. It was a revenue system which the zamindars were converted into landlords.

Revolt of 1857

The Revolt of 1857 is also know as the first freedom national movement.

1. Political causes – Lord Wellesley’s subsidiary Alliance System succeeded in expanding the East India Company’s dominance through subjugation of Indian States so that they finally lost their independence. In addition many states were annexed by the Britishers under the Doctrine of Lapse introduced by Lord Dalhousie. He also refused to recognize titles of ex-rulers. The imperial Mughal glory suffered at the hands of company rule. In 1849 it was decided that the Mughal successors to Bhadurshah would have to shift from Red Fort to the outskirts of Delhi.

2. Economic Cause – The economic policies of the British in India completely destroyed India’s traditional economic fabric. The country was turned into a colonial economy serving the needs of the rulers mother country. The availability of cheaper machine made goods hit the handicraft sector, which could not compete in foreign markets because of higher import duties. India was forced to export raw materials on the thus domestic industries suffered as they had to purchase raw material at high prices.

3. Administrative Cause – The companies administrative machinery was not only inefficient but also prejudice against the Indian’s. Police and the judicial systems were racist. Indians were denied key positions in civil and military and they were rarely promoted.

4. Military Causes – The Indian sepoys were as displeased with alien rule as the people at large. The sepoys were denied all that they once enjoyed. The Post Office Act of 1854 withdrew even the free postage facility for them. The Indian sepoys considered inferior and treated badly. Could neither get paid properly nor easily avail of promotions.

5. Social and Religious Causes – Social discrimination of the British against the Indians and the missionaries attempted to spread Christianity in India. Convinced the Indian mind that the countries religion and culture would be violated. In social life the British treated the natives as inferiors. Despite being guilty of criminal assault on Indians the whites were acquitted with little punishment. Attempts by the English to end sati, child marriage and infanticide was suspiciously viewed and legislation of widow remarriage and introduction of western education antagonized the traditional Indian society.


Q. What was the immediate cause of the Revolt? Also describe briefly the revolt?

Ans. The Revolt of 1857 which is also considered as the first war of independence against British rule covered a significant area from Punjab in the North to Narmada in the South and from Bihar in the East to Rajputana in the West. However the focal points were Delhi, Kanpur, Lucknow, Baraily, Banaras, Jhansi, Meerut and Arrah.

The hanging of Mangal Pandey a soldier from Baragpur in March 1857 sparked a small revolt.

The immediate provocation was the use of greased cartridges. In May 1857 soldiers of the 3rd native cavalry at Meerut refused to use the Enfield riffle issued by the British. The riffles required to be refilled by biting off the top paper with the mouth. Rumor had it that the cartridge were smeared with cow and pig fat.

Spread of Revolt – The sepoys of Meerut in open rebellion marched to Delhi where the local infantry joined them. Many Britishers were captured some were killed also. At Delhi Bhadur Shah was declared the titular head of the ocuntry.

General Bakt khan from Baraley Regiment Captured Delhi. The revolt at Lucknow was led by Begum Hazrat Mahal of Awadh. At Kanpur Nana Sahib proclaimed himself the peshwan. He was supported by his rebel Lieutenant Tantya Tope and also by Assem Ulha. In Jhansi the revolting troops proclaimed Rani Lakshmi Bai the widow of Ganga Dhar Rao as the ruler. She also received the support from the troops of Sindias of Gwalior.

Q. Describe the causes for failure of revolt of 1857.

Ans. Through the revolt was a brave effort, it was doomed to fail owing to many weaknesses. The Revolt was a localised affair concentrated in portions of North India. Even from this area many rulers and chiefs did not participate. In fact, the educated upper and middle classes were critical of the mutiny.

The British formed a consulted programme to suppress the 1857 mutiny which through patriotic lacked a definite ideology. There was no central leader behind the revolt.

Compared to the superior weaponry and strategy of the British the war fare technique of the sepoys were out moded. The sepoys had a limited number of guns and fought mainly with swords, spears and these like.

Q. What was the impact of the revolt ?

And. The Indian Administration was placed directly under the crown by Government of India Act 1858. The East India Compny no longer required to manage the affairs inIndia, thus ending dualism. As per the act in Britain a Secretary of State for India was to be appointed who would be assisted by 15 member advisory council.

2. Recognising the role of the Indian states in the revolt it was decided ot preserve them as the bulwark of the empire. The Queen’s proclamation promised to discontinue the practice of annexation. The people were assured of religious freedom.

3. As the Indian army had begun the mutiny of 1857 the British made attempts to strengthen the military administration. European troops were increased in number. Most of the Indian artillery units were disbandoned and all effective weapons placed in European hands. All important posts were for the English alone.

4. Another significant decision was to involve Indians in legislation os that the rulers would be acquainted with the feeling and demands and misunderstandings could be avoided.

5. The racila bitterness in the English and the Indians for each other increased. In the policies consciously divide and rule era started.



1. Abul Fazal was a scholar in the court of Akbar.

2. Babar laid the foundation of mughal empire in India.

3. Title of Alamgir Aurangeb.

4. Slogan Do or Die Mahatma Gandhi.

5. Swaraj Party 1923.

6. Ghadar Party Lala Hardayal

7. Birth Place of Buddha Lumbini

8. Alexander died in 323 BC.

9. Original home of Aryans Central Asia.

10. Talwandi – Guru Nanak Dev Ji.

11. Dharamchakra Parivartan when Buddha delivered his first sermon .

12. Shivaji’s council of ministers – Astha Pardhan.

13. Doctrine of Lapse – Lord Dalhousie.

14. Ilbert Billnot adopted because Britishers opposed.

15. Vastest empire Ashoka.

16. Permanent settlement of Bengal Tax Collect.

17. Kirtistambha was built by Rana Kumbha

18. The Railways introduced by – Lord Dulhousie.

19. Ajanta Caves – Gupta

20. Jazia Tax – Tax on Hindu Pilgrimage.

21. Mughal King banned Dance and Music – Aurangjeb.

22. The wisest fool – Mohamad Bin Tuglak.

23. Broadcasting introduced 1927

24. 1st newspaper published – Bengal Gazette (1780)

25. Jallianwala Bagh – 13th April 1919

26. Oldest veda – Rig veda

27. Vascodagama – 1498, Calicut

28. 1st Satya Graha – Champaran

29. 1st establish trade link with India – Portuguees.

30. 1st session of INC – Bombay

31. Demand for Pakistan – 1940.

32. Communal Award – 1923.

33. Arya Samaj – Dayanand Saraswati – 1875.

34. Saka Era – 78 AD.

35. Editor of young India – Mahatma Gandhi.

36. Vande Matram – Anand Math.

37. Sati Pratha abolished – Lord william Bantik.

38. Kautilaya’s Arthashastra is bookon – polities.

39. Costal town of IVC – Lothal Gujrat.

40. Difference between Buddhism & Jainism – Jains believe in Rebirth of soul.

41. Magesthenes – Chandra Gupta maurya.

42. Seprate Electrotes was introduced by the act of Morley Minto Reforms –1909.

43. Swaraj is my Birth right and I shall have it – Bal Gangadhar Tilak.

44. Gandhiji withdrew – Civil disobedence Movement because of Chauri Charua massacre in UP.

45. First month of the saka era – Chaitra.

46. In quilab zindabad – Mohamad Iqbal.

47. Main aim of Swaraj party to enter legislature and cripple from inside.

48. Indian king died fighting with Britishers – Tipu Sultan.

49. 4 math – Shankra charya.

50. Akbar Born at Amar coat, 15.10.1542.

51. Gandhara school of Art – Kanishka.

52. Indian ruler annexed parts of China – Kanishka.

53. 1st Woman president of INC – Annie Besant 1917.

54. Mahatma Gandhi – 2nd October 1869 Porbander in Gujrat.

55. Founder of agra – Sikander Lodhi.

56. Chola Dynesty – Vijayla.

57. Satyamev Jayate – Mundka Upnishad.

58. Court language of Mughals – Persian.

59. Allahbad inscriptions belonged – Scand Gupta

60. Ashoka’s Dama different from Buddha – Ashoka propagated peace and non voilence.

61. Who worked for the spread of Buddhism in Japan – Kind Sotuku.

62. Human images of Buddha started in – Gandhara school of art.

63. Harsh – Kannoj.

64. Seven Pagoda Temple – Mahabalipuran in the region of – Pallavas

65. Nalanda University – Gupta sakraditity

66. Shivaji collected tax – Sardesh Mukhi and Chauth.

67. Changezh Khan attacked dcuring the region of – Iltumuish.,

68. Iron pillar in delhi built by – Chander Gupta I

69. Alai Darwaja - Delhi.

70. High Court established in India – 1861.

71. Burma separated form Indian – 1937.

72. First Regular census in India – 1851.

73. Calcutta to Delhi – 1911.

74. Simla conference – 1972.

75. Lucknow pact was signed between INC and Muslim League.

76. Muslim League was founded by – Aga khan and Mohamad Salim Ullaha.

77. 1st Tirtankara – Rishab Dev.

78. INC adopted 1st session at Lahor 1929.

79. Mugal Experore wrote authbiography – Babar and Jehangir.

80. Gayatri mantar – Rig Veda.

81. 1st woman rular of India – Razia Sultana.

82. Founder of servants society – G.K. Gokhele.

83. Use of Zero – Arya Bhatt.

84. Parliament of religion was held in the year 1893 in Chicago.

85. Go back to veda – Swam I Dayanand Saraswati.

86. Mugal king ruled for shortest period of time – Babar.

87. Book ‘Post Office’ – Ravender Nath Tagor.

88. The Hindu has been derived from the word – River Indus.

89. Ashoka’s inscription has been written in – Prakrit language.

90. Peacock throne – Shahajahan.

91. Home rule league – Annie Besnat.

92. Diwani rights of Bengal, Orissa and bihar was granted to the British in 1965 by Shah Alam II.

93. Incharge of land revenue system during the region of Akbar – Todar Mal.

94. Battle of Plassey – 1757.

95. 1st Governor General of Independent India – Lord Mount Betton.

96. Sare jahan se aacha – Mohamad Iqbal.

97. My experiments with truth – Mahatma Gandhi.

98. The 1st Muslim President of INC was Badrudin Tayabji.

99. G. T. Road – shershah Suri.

100. Guru Gobind Singh Birth place – Patna

101. Founder os Srinagar – Ashoka.

102. Huns invaded India during the region of Guptas.

103. Tricolour of National Flag – 1st January 1930 J. L. Nehru.

104. Grand old man – Dada Bhai Narojee.

105. Voice of India – Dad Bhai Narojee.

106. Kesri Hind Award – 1915 Gandhiji was given the award.

107. Hunger strike in Jain – 1929 by Jatin das.

108. INA – Singapore 1943 S. C. Bose.

109. Sarfroshi Ki tamana – Ram Prasad Bismil