Hindi Kavita: ये किसका हिंदुस्तान है
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Thursday, July 17, 2008
Wednesday, July 16, 2008
Thursday, June 5, 2008
सामान्य अध्ययन
Important
1. Length of Indian land frontier 15,200 km
2. Length of Indian Coastline 7,516.6 km
3. Length of Indian coastline excluding Andaman Nicobar
& Lakshadweep Islands 6,100 km
4. Height of Mount Everest 8,848 mt.
5. Height of K2 (Godwin Austin) 8,611 mt
6. Latitude of India 80 4’ N to 370 6’ N
7. Longitude of India 6807’ E to 970 25’E
8. Length of India North to South 3214 km
9. Length of India East to West 2933 km
10. Total land area in square Kms 32,87,263 sq km.
11. Total land area of world in percentage 2.42 %
12. Total population of world in percentage 16%
13. India industralised country in world 10th
14. Gale’s speed 56-72 km/hr
15. Strom’s speed 72-121 km/hr
16. Hurrican’s speed more than 121 km
17. Doldrums Low pressure area 50 N & S of equator
18. Horse Latitude (Trade Winds) High pressure area 300 N & S of equator
19. Troposphere 11km (8 miles)
20. Stratosphere 11-30 km (26 miles)
21. Indian Standard time Mirzapur 82.50 E
22. GMT 00
23. International date line 1800
24. Arctic circle 23.50 from NP
25. Antarctic circle 23.50 from SP
26. Temperate zone 66.50 N&S of poles
27. Torrid zone or Torpid Zone 23.50 N&S of equator
28. Spring equinox 21st & 22nd March
29. Autumnal equinox 22nd & 23rd Sept.
30. Vertically over tropic of cancer 21st June
31. Vertically over tropic of Capricorn 22nd December
32. Speed of revolution of earth 10,7720 km
33. Angle of Axis 66.5 degree
34. Equatorial Diameter 12,756 km
35. Polar Diameter 12,714 km
36. Sun light takes to reach earth 8.3 min
37. Temp. of sun 6000 degree
38. Temp. at core of sun 15,000 degree
39. Temp at sun spots 4,500 degree
40. How old is sun 4.6 million years
41. Average distance of sun & Earth 149 million years
42. Earth reaches its aphelion (farthest) 4th July
43. Earth reaches its perihelion (nearest) 5th Jan.
44. Duration of sun spot cycle 11 years
45. Healy reappears after 76 years (1986)
46. Highest Airport Lahsa Airport, Tibet
47. Tallest Animal Giraffe
48. Largest & Heaviest Animal Blue or Sulfur Bottom Whale
49. Largest land animal African bush elephant
50. Fastest land animal Cheetah
51. Largest Bay Hudson Bay
52. Largest Continent Asia
53. Smallest Continent Australia
54. Largest country Russia
55. Smallest country Vatican City
56. Largest Estuary Ob’ Northern USSR
57. Tallest Fountain Fountain hills, Arizona
58. Largest Gulf Gulf of Mexico
59. Largest island Ireland
60. Largest lake Caspian sea
61. Deepest lake Ozero
62. Largest fresh water lake Lake Superior
63. Highest Mountain range Himalayas
64. Largest mountain range Andes, S. America
65. Largest Ocean Pacific Ocean
66. Deepest Ocean pacific Ocean
67. Largest Peninsula Arabia
68. Most Populous country China
69. Least Populous country Vatican city
70. Most populous city Tokyo, Japan
71. Brightest star Sirius (Dog Star)
72. Highest Waterfalls Salto Angel Falls (Venezuela)
73. Jog Falls Karnataka (Krishna river)
74. Sukhna Lake Chandigarh.
75. Chilka Lake Orissa.
76. Wular Lake Kashmir.
77. Driest Place Jaisalmer Rajasthan.
78. Maximum Length of Road Maharashtra ( Most Urbanised state)
79. Most people below Poverty line Bihar.
80. State with Highest Density of population West Bengal
81. Mineral rich state Bihar
82. Panna Gold Mines Madhya Pradesh
83. Dakshin Gangotri India’s permanent station at Antarctica.
84. Smallest state area wise Goa.
85. Smallest state population wise Sikkim
86. Mother of Indian revolution Madam Cama
87. Border of Kerala and Karnataka is know as Palghat
Largest Producers
88. Sandalwood Karnataka.
89. Saffron Kashmir
90. Coffee Karnataka.
91. Tea Assam
92. Wheat UP
93. Rice West Bengal
94. Tobacco China, USA, India.
95. Largest consumer of tobacco India
Inventions and Discoveries
1. Earth moves round the sun Copernicus.
2. Malaria is caused by a bite of Female Anopheles Mosquitoes – Sir Ronald Ross.
3. X-Rays Roient Gen.
4. Radium Madam Marie Qurie.
5. Wireless Telegraphy Marconi.
6. Television J. L. Baird.
7. Dynamite Alferd Nobel.
8. Steam Engine James Watt.
9. Germ theory of Disease Louis Passture.
10. Law of Heredity J. A. Mandel.
11. Law of falling bodies Newton
12. Radar Watsen Watt.
13. Pensuline Alexander Flaming.
14. Homeopathy Hahneman.
15. Gene Dr. Hargobind Khurana ( Nobel Prize)
16. Fountain Pen L. E. Waterman.
17. Revolver Samuel Colt.
18. Telescope Galileo
19. Printing press William Caxton
20. Telephone Graham Bell.
21. Radio Marconi.
22. Vaccination against small pox Adverd Jenner.
23. Railway Engine Stephenson.
Geographical Epithets
1. Blue mountains - Nilgiri Hills
2. City of Palaces - Calcutta
3. Pink city - Jaipur
4. City of Sky Scapers - New York
5. City of seven hills - Rome
6. City of Magnificent distances - Washington
7. Cockpit of Europe - Belgium
8. Playground of Europe - Switzerland
9. Eternal City - Rome
10. Forbidden City - Lahasa
11. Garden City - Bangalore
12. Gift of Nile - Egypt
13. Holy land - Palestine
14. Ireland of cloves - Zanzibar
15. Ireland continent - Australia
16. Land of Golden Pagoda - Burma
17. Land of midnight sun - Norway
18 Land of rising sun - Japan
19. Land of morning calm - Korea
20. Windy city - Chicago
21 Land of thousand lakes - Finland
22. Land of white elephants - Thailand
23. Never never land - Prairies of North Australia
24. Sorrow of Bengal - Damodar
25. China’s sorrow - Hwangho
26. Dark continent - Africa
27. Gateway of India - Mumbai
28. Sugar bowl of world - Cuba
29. Sugar bowl of India - UP
30. Spice Garden - Kerala
31. yellow river - Hwangho .
Chemical Names
No. Name Chemical Name Formula Use
1. Common Salt Sodium Chloride Nacl Domestic
2. Acetic Acid Acetic Acid. CH3COOH Vinegar
3. Acetylene Acetylene C2H2 Fruit Ripening.
4. Ammonia Ammonia NH3 Refrigeration
5. Ammonium Nitrate Fertilizes
6. Ammonium Sulphate Fertilizers
7. Baking Soda Sodium Bicarbonate NaHCO3 Domestic
8. Bleaching Powder Calcium Hipo Chloride Ca(OCL)2
9. Carbon Dioxide Carbon Dioxide CO2 Fire extinguisher
10. Caustic Soda Sodium Hydroxide NaOH Washing.
11. Chloroform Tri Choloro Methane CHCI3 Medical purpose
12. Galena Lead Sulfide Ore of Lead
13. Gypsum Calcium Sulfate
14. Laughing Gas Nitrous Oxide N20
15. Lime water Calcium Hydroxide CaoH2
16. Plaster of Paris Calcium Sulfate
17. Hydrochloric Acid HCL Industry
18. Sulfuric Acid Sulfuric Acid H2SO4 Batteries
19. Silver Bromide Silver Bromide AgBr. Photography
20. Polythene Ethylene C2H4
21. Urea Fertilizes
22. Washing Soda Sodium Carbonate Na2Co3IoH2O Soap Making
Principal river systems of world
Nile (Africa) is the largest river (6690 Kms) while Nile originates from lake Albert in Uganda and Blue Nile from Ethiopia; the two together join at Khartoum in Sudan to form the river Nile. After flowing through Egypt (longest course) it falls into Medetarian Sea near Alexandria.
Amazon (south America) originates from the Andes mountains in Peru; tributaries come from Bolivia, Earander and Venezuela; the river mainly flows through Brazil and falls into Atlantic ocean.
Yangtzekiang (Asia) rises in North East Tibet; flows mainly through China draining into the East china Sea.
Mississippi Missouri (North America) rises in lake Attics in USA (Mississippi & Missouri) from saint Louis; together they flow into the Gulf of Mexico at New Orlando.
Mackenzie (North America) rises in great slave lake. It flows through Canada to Mackenzie Bay in Arctic Ocean.
Mekong (Asia) rises in Tibet, flows through China, Thailand and loss and ends in South China Sea.
Niger (Africa) rises near Sierra Leone; flows through Nigeria and enters Atlantic ocean.
Murray Darling (Australia) rises from Australian Alps.
Foreign Travelers
1. Magesthenese – came to India in 315 BC as an ambassador of Selucas in Chandragupta Maurya’s court.
2. Fihen – a Chinese pilgrim visited India from 401-410 AD during the reign of Chandergupta Vikramadita.
3. Hieuntsang – a Chinese pilgrim visited India from 629 to 643 during Harsha’s rule.
4. Alberuni – A well known Asian scholar visited India in 1030 with the army of Mehmood of Gazni.
5. Ibn Batuta – Moroccan Traveler.
6. Marco Polo – European Traveler visited India during the Pandays’ time on his way to China.
7. Vascodegama – Portuguese sailor succeeded in reaching port of Calicut rounding the Cape of Good Hope.
Trophies Game
1. Aga Khan cup - Hockey
2. Ashes - Cricket
3. Canada Cup - Golf
4. Davis Cup - Lawn tennis
5. Durby Cup - Horse racing
6. Dhanchand cup - Hockey
7. Durand Cup - Football
8. Ezra Cup - Polo
9. FA Cup - Football
10. Jai Lakshmi Cup - National Table Tennis champinship
11. FIFA Cup - Football
12. Lady Ratan Tata Trophy - Hockey Women
13. Merdeka Cup - Football
14. Nehru Trophy - Hockey
15. Ranji Trophy - Cricket
16. Rangaswami Cup - National Hockey Championship
17. Rovers Cup - Football
18. Santosh Trophy - National Football Championship.
19. Subroto Cup - Football
20. Thomas Cup - Badminton
21. Uber Cup - Badminton
22. Wallinton Cup - Rowing
Places and Capitals
1. Wankada stadium is in Mumbai.
2. Capital of Nagaland – Kohima.
3. Capital of Kerala – Trivandrum
4. Capital of Chatisgadh – Raipur
5. Capital of Jharkhand – Ranchi.
6. Capital of Uttranchal – Dehradun.
Important Dances and Academies
1. Sangeet Natak Academy – 1953 – objectives – to foster and develop Indian dances, drama, film, music etc.
It has setup training centers in sponsoring festivals and cultural exchanges in the field of dance, drama etc.
2. Lalit Kala Academy – 1954 – study and research in the field of painting, sculpture, architecture and applied sciences etc.
3. Sahit Kala Academy – 1954 – Encouraging literary activities in all Indian languages.
4. Bharat Natyam – Its principles were taken from Bharats Natya Sastra. Basically from Tamil Nadu it is also known as the mother dance as most other dances have originated from it. Earlier it was known as Dasiatam and was practiced by Devdasis of South Indian Temples.
5. Kathak – North India – Katha story taken from various epics eg. Radha Krishna legend.
6. Kathakali – Most refined, scientifically defined dance from Kerala. It’s a dance drama.
7. Kuchipudi – Is a dance drama from Andhra Pradesh.
8. Manipuri – Manipur.
9. Mohiniatam – Kerala – Female solo dance.
10. Odisi – Also based on Natya sastra – Orissa.
11. Garba – Gujarat
12. Dandia – Gujarat
13. Raslila – UP
14. Nautanki – UP.
Artists
Sl. No. Activity Artist
1. Kathak Birju Maharaj, Damanat Joshi, Gopi Krishan, Shambhu Majaraj, Sitara Devi, Shabna Narayan.
2. Bharatnatyam Indrani Rehman, yamini Krishnamurti, Rukmani Devi, Bala Saraswati, Swapan Sundri, Sonal Mansingh, Mirnalini Sarabhai, Shiela Durai Swami.
3. Kuchipudi Swapan Sundri, Shobha Naidu, Guru Vedantam, Satyanarayan
4. Kathakali Kunju Kurup, Gopinath Shah, K.K. Nayar.
5. Manipuri Charu Mathur, Uday Shankar,
6. Odisi Guru Kerucharan Mahapatra, Indrani Rehman, Protima Bedi, Sonal Mansingh, Guru Deboprasad Das.
7. Vocal Begum Akhtar, Bade Gulam Alik Khan, Bhimsen Joshi, Onkar Nath Takur, Pankaj Malik, M.S. Subulaksmi, Tansen, Gangu Bhai Hangal, malika Arjun Mansoor.
8. Sitar Ravishankar, Vilayat Khan, Ustad Mustakh Ali Khan.
9. Tabla Kishan Maharaj, Latif Ahmed, Ala Rakha, Zakir Husain, Samta Prasad, Anand Gopal Bahdopadhya
10. Shehnai Bismila Khan.
11. Veena Asad Ali Khan
12. Pakhavaj Kanthe Maharaj, Anokhe Lal
13. Sarod Ali Akhar Khan, Amjad Ali Kahn
14. Flute Hari Prasad Chaurasia, T.R. Mahalingum, Panna Lal Ghosh.
Important Temple Styles
1. Nagada style of architecture was prevalent in North India. The crucial form ground plan and quibi linear tower may be regarded as fundamental characteristics of nagada temples. In Orissa the small but decorated Mukeshwara Temple is an example of this style.
2. Dravidian style – Flourished in the territories between Krishna & Kanyakumari. Two fundamental components of full fledged temples are Vimana representing section with tall pyramidal temple and the Gopuram i.e., gateway leading to temple. Kailashnath temple at Kanchipuram, Brideshwara, Elora.
3. Vasara Style – Consists of two principle components i.e., vimana and mandapa. Kaileshwar temple and jainer temple are the examples.
Important Tribes
1. Kuku tribe - Tripura.
2. Sansi - Punjab
3. Toda - Madhya Pradesh
4. Bhiles - Madhya Pradesh
5. Baiga - Madhya Pradesh
6. Muria - Madhya Pradesh
7. Jantia - Assam and Meghalya
8. Garo - Assam
9. Bodo - Assam
10. Khasi - Assam
11. Gaddi - Himachal Pradesh
12. Lepcha - Sikkim.
13. Chenchu - Andhra Pradesh & Orissa.
14. Santhal - Bihar
15. Biles - Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh.
Sl. No. Country/State Capitals
1. Israel Televi or Jerusalem
2. Jordan Aman
3. S. Korea Seoul
4. Kuwait Kuwait city
5. Lebanon Berud
6. Malaysia Kaulalampur
7. Maldives Male
8. Nepal Katmandu
9. Oman Muscat
10. Pakistan Islamabad
11. Philippines Manila
12. Qatar Doha
13. Saudi Arabia Riad
14. Thailand Bangkok
15. India New Delhi
16. UAE Abu dabi
17. Angola Luanda
18. Egypt Cairo
19. Kenya Nairobi
20. Libya Tripoli
21. Uganda Kampala
22. Zambia Lusaka
23. Zimbabwe Harare
24. Argentina Burris Aires
25. Canada Ottawa
26. Chile Santiago
27. Cuba Havana
28. Austria Vienna
29. Belgium Brussels
30. Bulgaria Sofia
31. Denmark Copenhagen
32. Finland Helsinki
33. France Paris
34. Italy Roam
35. Netherlands Amsterdam
36. Norway Oslo
37. Portugal Lisbon
38. Sweden Stockholm
39. Vatican City Vatican City
40. Yugoslavia Belgrade
Sl. No. City River
1. Vijayvada Krishna
2. Nashik Godavri
3. Cuttak Mahanadi
4. Cairo Nile
5. Busra Tigris
6. Bagdad Tigris
First Incidents
Sl.No.
1. 1st President of USA Gorge Washington
2. 1st Prime Minister of Britain Robert Warpol
3. 1st President of China Sun Yet Sen
4. 1st Woman PM of a country Mrs. S. Bhandarnaike (Sri Lanka)
5. 1st European invader of India Allexander
6. 1st Chinese pilgrim to India Fihen
7. 1st man on moon Yuri Gagrin
8. 1st Woman in space Valentena Terescova
9. 1st census was carried out in India 1872
10. 1st Naval chief to be sacked Admiral Vishnu Bhagwat.
11. 1st feature film was Pundalik
12. 1st Dental College at Calcutta. William Benthic
13. 1st Railway line 1853 – Lord Dalhousie
14. 1st Postal service 1853
15. 1st viceroy of India Lard Canning
16. 1st Governor General Lord Warren Hasting
17. 1st UN Secretary General
Tygve Lie
18. 1st General election 1952
19. 1ST Nuclear bomb was dropped over Hiroshima. August 1945
20. 1st Governor General of free India Lord Mount Betton.
21. 1st President of India Dr. Rajinder Prasad
22. 1st President of INC W.C. Banerjee in 1885
23. 1st Chinese to go in space Lft. Col. Yang Liwei
Names Given
Sl. No. Name given Name of the person
1. Lok Nayak Jai Prakash Narain
2. Frontier Gandhi Abdul Gafar Khan.
3. Badha Khan Abdul Gafar Khan.
4. C.R. Chakarvarti Rajgopala Chari
5. Mahamania Pt. Madan Mohan Malvia
6. Gurudev Rabinder Nath Tagor
7. Guruji M.S. Golvalkar
8. Grand old Man Dada Bhai Naroji
9. Deshbandhu C.R. Das
10. Lion of Punjab Lala Lajpat Rai.
11. Lok Manaya Bal Gangadhar Tilak
12. Iron Man Lala Lajpat Rai
13. Sparrow Major General Rajinder Singh
14. Deenbandhu C.F. Andrews
15. Nightingale of India Sarojni Naidu.
S.No. Name of the Society / Association Founded by Year Place
1. Land holders society Dawarka Nath Tagor 1838 Calcutta
2. British India Society William Adam 1939 London
3. British India Association Debender Nath Tagor 1851
4. East India Association Daba Bhai Naroji 1866
5. Madra Mahajan Sabha V. Raghavchari & S. Iyer 1884 Madras
6. Bombay Presidency Association Firoz shah Ahmed Khan 1885 Bombay
7. United India Patriotic Association Sir Sayed Ahmed Khan 1888 Aligadh
8. Servants of India Society Gopal Krishan Gokhle 1905 Bombay
9. Communist party of India M.N. Roy 1920 Taskan
10. Servants of People society Lajpat Rai 1920 Lahor
11. India National Trade Union Congress
(Lala Lajpat Rai was the 1st President) N.M. Joshi 1920 Lucknow
12. Swaraj Party Motilal Nehru & C.R. Das 1920 Delhi.
13. Rashtriya Swem Sewak Sang K.K. Hedgewar 1925
14. Forward Block Subhash Chander Bose 1939 Calcutta
15. Radical Democratic Party M.N. Roy 1940 Calcutta
Newspapers
Sl. No. Newspaper Founded by Year
1. Bengal Gazet J.K. Hiki 1780
1st newspaper
2. Indian mirror Debendernath Tagor & Manmohan Gosh
3. Times of India 1861
4. Amrit Bazar Patrika Motilal Ghosh & Sishir Ghosh 1868
5. Tribune Sir Dayal Singh Majithia 1877
6. Statesman Robert Nigh 1878
7. Maratha Agarkar 1881
8. India Dada Bhai Naroji 1890
9. Vandematram Lala Hyerdayal & Shamji Verma 1909
10. Alhilar Abul Kalam Azad 1912
11. Bombay Chronical Firozshah Mehta 1913
12. New India Annie Besant 1914
13. Navjeevan Mahatma Gandhi
14. Young India Mahatma Gandhi
15. Harijan Mahatma Gandhi
16. Indian Opinion Gandhiji started this newspaper during his stay in South Africa.
General Points
1. Largest number of Muslim population is in India.
2. Ore of Aluminum – Bauxite.
3. Ore of Iron – Hematite
4. Ore of Copper – Cuprite.
5. Solder is an alloy of lead and tin.
6. Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc.
7. Highest rainfall – Mausimram (Mehghalya)
8. Kal Basakhi is the name of the storm occurring in some areas in West Bengal and Assam. Such storms bring vast destruction in these areas. These winds blow in the month of Baisakh.
9. Mango Showers is the name given to pre monsoon showers in the coastal areas of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. These rain bearing winds help in the ripening of mango fruit.
10. Hyderabad is on river Krishna.
11. Banaras Hindu University was established by Pandit Madan Mohan Malvia.
12. EEG is used to check brain current.
13. Pimpri is in Maharastra famous for Penicillin factory.
14. Thermo flask is painted silver by silver oxide.
15. White Phosphorus is used in rat poison.
16. Catalyst is a substance which increases the rate of chemical reaction.
17. Catalyst used in body for chemical reactions are known as Enzymes (are biological catalysts which helps in various chemical processes in body).
18. Supersonic is the speed greater than the speed of sound.
19. Ultrasonic frequency is frequency in excess of 20000 HzDs.
20. Frequencies human beings can hear 20 Hzs to 20000 HzDs.
21. Current is measured in Ampair.
22. Main constituent of gobar gas is – Methane
23. Main constituent of LPG is – Butane.
24. Solid carbon dioxide is called dry ice.
25. IED – Improvised Explosive Device.
26. Pulses are rich source of proteins.
27. Astronauts talk through radio waves.
28. Gases used in refrigerators – Freon and Ammonia.
29. Viagra is used for male impotency.
30. PH value of neutral things is 7
31. PH value of Acidic things is 0 to 7.
32. PH value of Basic things is 7 to 14.
33. Hardest Metal – Tungsten.
34. Heater element is made up of Nickel and Chromium.
35. Body easily synthesise – Vitamin D – strengthen bones and teeth.
36. Separation of Burma from India – 1937.
37. Jama Mazjid was built by Shahjahan.
38. IMF headquarters – Washington
39. Indian state largest exporter of fish – Maharastra.
40. Birhors live in Madhya Pradesh
41. Busiest ocean route is North Atlantic Ocean.
42. Kalpakam Atomic Power Station is built indigenously.
43. The process by which sun’s rays get converted into chemical energy is known as Bio Synthesis.
44. Heaviest metal is Lead
45. Average salt content in a liter of sea water – 35 grms.
46. Founder of Muslim league – Nawab Salimula.
47. British Parliament passed Indian Independence Bill on 1st July 1947.
48. Branch of science that studies insects Entomology.
49. Branch of science that studies cells – Cytology.
50. Element found in proteins – Nitrogen.
51. Al-Beruni accompanied Mahmud of Gazni.
52. Name of All India Radio changed to Akashwani - 1957.
53. Gandhiji’s satyagrah on 1919 to protest against Rowlett Act.
54. Adoption of 10+2+3 pattern of education – Saha Commission 1977.
55. IVC people worshiped Pasupati.
56. Earth’s revolution covers 966 million kms.
57. Laxmibai National College of Physical Education – Gawalior.
58. Germany is not a permanent member of Security Council.
59. There are 12 constellation in our galaxy Milky Way.
60. Founder of weekly paper ‘Al-Hilal’ – Abul Kalam Azad.
61. Netaji Subhash Institute of sports – Patiala.
62. International Court of Justice is at Hague.
63. ‘Roytwar’ settlement in Madras – Thomas Munro.
64. Hunter Committee to review progress of education was appointed in 1901.
65. Ancient name of Bengal – Gauda.
66. Father of Indian Renaissance – Raja Ram Mohan Roy.
67. Ernakulam achieved full literacy.
68. Doctrine of Lapse – Lord Dalhousie.
69. Excise duty is the main source of revenue for Central Government.
70. Sales tax is the main source of revenue of State Government.
71. Operation of Gulf war is known as Desert Strom.
72. Korba – Chatisgadh – Thermal Power Plant.
73. Haldia – West Bengal - Petroleum Products.
74. Goa was added to India in 1961.
75. MERCOSUR is the group of countries of Latin America.
76. High Courts in Bombay, Madras and Calcutta were setup in 1861.
77. Pitcher Plant is a carnivorous plant.
78. Air Force Academy is located at Hyderabad.
79. Sahitya Academy award is given in 21 languages.
80. UNESCO headquarters – Paris.
81. Lord Warren Hastings was impeached in England for his acts committed as Governor General.
82. Mulberry growing is associated with Sericulture.
83. Sanskrit poet Raj Shekhar lived in the court of Mahipala II.
84. United Nations Day is celebrated on 24th October.
85. The biggest star in our galaxy is Proxima Century.
86. Direct telephone lines between India and Britain – 1870.
87. Irrigation Policy in India – Lord Lawrence.
88. 1st December – World Aids Day
89. Netherlands is famous for diamond cutting industry.
90. Indian National Army was established in 1943 at Singapore.
91. School of Philosophy was established by Ram Anuja in 12th century AD – vishishtadvaita.
92. Largest export item among Indian plantation – tea.
93. Dog has 42 teeth.
94. Magnesium is essential for plants because it helps in formation of Chlorophyll.
95. Operation Black Board refers to elementary education.
96. Treaty of Srirangapatnam was signed between Tipu Sultan and Lord Warren Hastings.
97. Pluto takes 248 years to revolve round the sun.
98. Quit India movement started at Bombay on 8th August 1942.
99. National literacy mission was launched in 1988.
100. Punchsheel was singed between India and China in 1954.
101. Unhappy India is written by Lala Lajpat Rai.
102. State with highest literacy rate is Kerala followed by Mizoram.
103. Name of Bhuddha’s mother – Mahamaya.
104. Buddha born in 563BC.
105. Death of Buddha is known as mahaparinirvan.
106. Three sets of Buddhism:
i. Heinyan – treat Buddha as human being
ii. Mahayan – treat Buddha as god.
iii. Vajrayan – developed under the impact of Tantrasastra.
107. 2nd Buddhist council was presided over by Saravkami.
108. 1st Jain Council in 322-298 BC during the rein of Chander Gupta Maurya, Jainism divided into Shwetambar and Digambars. Presided over by Sturbadra.
109. Sati was abolished by Lord William Bentick.
110. English was introduced as a medium of instruction – William Benthic
111. Vice Roy killed in India – Lord Mayo.
112. Poona pact – 1932
113. Koina is in Maharastra
114. Dhanbad is in Jharkhand
115. Mutiny of 1857 during the rein of Lord Canning.
116. Book God of small things written by Anudati Roy and she received Magsay award for it.
117. Sam Veda is called the Cannon of Charts.
118. Jehlum was known as Vithaste.
119. Roulkela Steel Plan was established with the help of Germany.
120. Trepati is in Andhra Pradesh.
121. International Airports in India – 11.
122. Old Alluvial soil is known as Bhangar.
123. New Alluvial soil is known as Khadar.
124. Calcutta is the biggest harbor.
125. Major food crop of India is Rice.
126. Monozite is found in Kerala.
127. Capital of Mauryan Dynasty was Patliputra.
128. Panch Mahal was built by Akbar at Fathepur Sikri.
129. Kailash Temple were built by Rastrakutas at Ellora.
130. Capital of Palvas was kancipuram.
131. Akbar’s Mausoleum is at Sikandra.
132. Slogan each one teach one was given by Mahatma Gandhi.
133. Parliament house, North Block & South Block is designed by Leuton and is known as Leuton’s Delhi.
134. Fohn winds are helpful in ripening of grapes
135. The most spoken language in the World is Chineese.
136. LPG consist of Methane, Butane and Propane.
137. Voice of India – Dada Bhai Naroji
138. Young India – Mahatma Gandhi
139. Indian Opinion – Mahatma Gandhi.
140. Kesri – Bal Gangadhar Tilak.
141. Equilibrium price – which equates demand and supply.
142. New liberalized economic policy was announced in 1991.
143. Rubber is a natural polymer.
144. Largest area state wise – Rajasthan.
145. Van Mahotsav was propogated by Kanhiyal Lal and Maniklal Munshi.
146. Sangam literature is written in Tamil Language.
147. Baledela mines are in MP (Iron ore mines)
148. Largest area under tank irrigation – TN
149. Mansabdari system was introduced by Akbar.
150. Agar was founded by Sikander Lodhi.
151. Pooran Swaraj was adopted in Lahor Session.
152. Quit India movement – Bombay Session.
153. Hunter Commission is concerned with primary school education.
154. There are 8 postal zones in India.
155. Highest growth rate of population is in the State of Nagaland.
156. Country with lowest literacy rate is Pakistan.
157. PM of England at the time of 2nd Round Table Conference – Ramsay Mcdonald.
158. Best soil for wheat cultivation – clay soil
159. Biosphere is the area where life exists.
160. INS Chilka is at Bhuvneshwar.
161. Main source of power is India is Hydel Power.
162. Taskan Agreement was singed in 1965.
163. BCG vaccine is given for TB.
164. Clouds responsible for rainfall are Nimbo Stratus.
165. East coast of India is known as Coramandal Coast.
166. Taxila is the famous site of Gandhara Art.
167. India’s biggest nuclear reactor is Dhruva.
168. Seat of Peshwa power was Sitara.
169. Charakh was the court physician of Kanishka.
170. Trade winds are also known as Easterlies.
171. Roaring Forties are wind which blow between 400 to 600 South regularly and fiercely.
172. Pits India Act – 1784
173. Regulating Act – 1773
174. High courts established in India – 1861
175. Morlay Minto Reforms – 1909 (Separate representation to Muslim)
176. Partition of Bengal revoked in 1911
177. Civil Disobedience Movement started by Gandhi – 1930.
178. Salt Law was broken by Dandi March – 1930 (Gandhiji walked with 78 volunteers)
179. Gandhi Irvin Pact 1931
180. Separate Pakistan demand by Mohd. Ali Jinha of Muslim League – 1940
181. Heat of interim Govt. was Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru – 1946.
182. Quit India movement 1942
183. Communal Awards – 1932 – by Ramsay McDonald British PM.
184. INA established in 1943 by Subhash Chander Bose at Singapore.
185. Pooran Swaraj Resolution – 1929 at Lahor session of INC by jawahar Lal Nehru.
186. Bardoli movement was started by Sardar Patel and was given the title ‘sardar’ by the women of Bardoli.
187. Chauri Chaura episode – 1922
188. Khilafat movement – 1920 started by Ali Brothers.
189. Roulette Act or Black Bill – 1919.
190. Jaliawala bagh masacar – General Dyre – 13th April 1919
191. A commission was appointed after Jaliawala Bagh massacre which favored General Dyers Action.
192. Governor General of India during Jaliawala bagh massacre ws Lord Chemsford.
193. Split in Congress – 1907 at Surat session.
194. Last Governor General of India – C. Rajgopalachari.
195. Simon Commission – Governor General – Lord Irwin.
196. Father of local self Government – Lord Rippon.
197. Lord Curzon was known as Aurengzeb of British India.
198. Akal Takhat was established by Guru Hargobindji.
199. Guru Gobind Singhji sent a letter to Aurengzed known as Zafarnama.
200. Guru Nanak Devji born at Talwandi.
201. Guru Gobind Singh born at Patna.
202. Gol Gumbaz is tomb of Mohd. Adil Shah is at Bijapur, Karnataka.
203. Buland Darwaza is at Fatherpur Sikri built by Akbar to commemorate his victory over Gujarat.
204. Ali Darwaza is at Delhi near Qutub Minar built by Aludin Khilji.
205. Qutub Minar built by Illtumish.
206. Qutub din Abiek was known as Lakhbadsha
207. Shahnama was written by Firdosi.
208. Project Tigre – Corbet National Park – 1972.
209. INS Talwar – new warship of Indian Navy – inducted on 25th June 2003
210. START – Stretagic Arms Reduction Treaty.
1. Length of Indian land frontier 15,200 km
2. Length of Indian Coastline 7,516.6 km
3. Length of Indian coastline excluding Andaman Nicobar
& Lakshadweep Islands 6,100 km
4. Height of Mount Everest 8,848 mt.
5. Height of K2 (Godwin Austin) 8,611 mt
6. Latitude of India 80 4’ N to 370 6’ N
7. Longitude of India 6807’ E to 970 25’E
8. Length of India North to South 3214 km
9. Length of India East to West 2933 km
10. Total land area in square Kms 32,87,263 sq km.
11. Total land area of world in percentage 2.42 %
12. Total population of world in percentage 16%
13. India industralised country in world 10th
14. Gale’s speed 56-72 km/hr
15. Strom’s speed 72-121 km/hr
16. Hurrican’s speed more than 121 km
17. Doldrums Low pressure area 50 N & S of equator
18. Horse Latitude (Trade Winds) High pressure area 300 N & S of equator
19. Troposphere 11km (8 miles)
20. Stratosphere 11-30 km (26 miles)
21. Indian Standard time Mirzapur 82.50 E
22. GMT 00
23. International date line 1800
24. Arctic circle 23.50 from NP
25. Antarctic circle 23.50 from SP
26. Temperate zone 66.50 N&S of poles
27. Torrid zone or Torpid Zone 23.50 N&S of equator
28. Spring equinox 21st & 22nd March
29. Autumnal equinox 22nd & 23rd Sept.
30. Vertically over tropic of cancer 21st June
31. Vertically over tropic of Capricorn 22nd December
32. Speed of revolution of earth 10,7720 km
33. Angle of Axis 66.5 degree
34. Equatorial Diameter 12,756 km
35. Polar Diameter 12,714 km
36. Sun light takes to reach earth 8.3 min
37. Temp. of sun 6000 degree
38. Temp. at core of sun 15,000 degree
39. Temp at sun spots 4,500 degree
40. How old is sun 4.6 million years
41. Average distance of sun & Earth 149 million years
42. Earth reaches its aphelion (farthest) 4th July
43. Earth reaches its perihelion (nearest) 5th Jan.
44. Duration of sun spot cycle 11 years
45. Healy reappears after 76 years (1986)
46. Highest Airport Lahsa Airport, Tibet
47. Tallest Animal Giraffe
48. Largest & Heaviest Animal Blue or Sulfur Bottom Whale
49. Largest land animal African bush elephant
50. Fastest land animal Cheetah
51. Largest Bay Hudson Bay
52. Largest Continent Asia
53. Smallest Continent Australia
54. Largest country Russia
55. Smallest country Vatican City
56. Largest Estuary Ob’ Northern USSR
57. Tallest Fountain Fountain hills, Arizona
58. Largest Gulf Gulf of Mexico
59. Largest island Ireland
60. Largest lake Caspian sea
61. Deepest lake Ozero
62. Largest fresh water lake Lake Superior
63. Highest Mountain range Himalayas
64. Largest mountain range Andes, S. America
65. Largest Ocean Pacific Ocean
66. Deepest Ocean pacific Ocean
67. Largest Peninsula Arabia
68. Most Populous country China
69. Least Populous country Vatican city
70. Most populous city Tokyo, Japan
71. Brightest star Sirius (Dog Star)
72. Highest Waterfalls Salto Angel Falls (Venezuela)
73. Jog Falls Karnataka (Krishna river)
74. Sukhna Lake Chandigarh.
75. Chilka Lake Orissa.
76. Wular Lake Kashmir.
77. Driest Place Jaisalmer Rajasthan.
78. Maximum Length of Road Maharashtra ( Most Urbanised state)
79. Most people below Poverty line Bihar.
80. State with Highest Density of population West Bengal
81. Mineral rich state Bihar
82. Panna Gold Mines Madhya Pradesh
83. Dakshin Gangotri India’s permanent station at Antarctica.
84. Smallest state area wise Goa.
85. Smallest state population wise Sikkim
86. Mother of Indian revolution Madam Cama
87. Border of Kerala and Karnataka is know as Palghat
Largest Producers
88. Sandalwood Karnataka.
89. Saffron Kashmir
90. Coffee Karnataka.
91. Tea Assam
92. Wheat UP
93. Rice West Bengal
94. Tobacco China, USA, India.
95. Largest consumer of tobacco India
Inventions and Discoveries
1. Earth moves round the sun Copernicus.
2. Malaria is caused by a bite of Female Anopheles Mosquitoes – Sir Ronald Ross.
3. X-Rays Roient Gen.
4. Radium Madam Marie Qurie.
5. Wireless Telegraphy Marconi.
6. Television J. L. Baird.
7. Dynamite Alferd Nobel.
8. Steam Engine James Watt.
9. Germ theory of Disease Louis Passture.
10. Law of Heredity J. A. Mandel.
11. Law of falling bodies Newton
12. Radar Watsen Watt.
13. Pensuline Alexander Flaming.
14. Homeopathy Hahneman.
15. Gene Dr. Hargobind Khurana ( Nobel Prize)
16. Fountain Pen L. E. Waterman.
17. Revolver Samuel Colt.
18. Telescope Galileo
19. Printing press William Caxton
20. Telephone Graham Bell.
21. Radio Marconi.
22. Vaccination against small pox Adverd Jenner.
23. Railway Engine Stephenson.
Geographical Epithets
1. Blue mountains - Nilgiri Hills
2. City of Palaces - Calcutta
3. Pink city - Jaipur
4. City of Sky Scapers - New York
5. City of seven hills - Rome
6. City of Magnificent distances - Washington
7. Cockpit of Europe - Belgium
8. Playground of Europe - Switzerland
9. Eternal City - Rome
10. Forbidden City - Lahasa
11. Garden City - Bangalore
12. Gift of Nile - Egypt
13. Holy land - Palestine
14. Ireland of cloves - Zanzibar
15. Ireland continent - Australia
16. Land of Golden Pagoda - Burma
17. Land of midnight sun - Norway
18 Land of rising sun - Japan
19. Land of morning calm - Korea
20. Windy city - Chicago
21 Land of thousand lakes - Finland
22. Land of white elephants - Thailand
23. Never never land - Prairies of North Australia
24. Sorrow of Bengal - Damodar
25. China’s sorrow - Hwangho
26. Dark continent - Africa
27. Gateway of India - Mumbai
28. Sugar bowl of world - Cuba
29. Sugar bowl of India - UP
30. Spice Garden - Kerala
31. yellow river - Hwangho .
Chemical Names
No. Name Chemical Name Formula Use
1. Common Salt Sodium Chloride Nacl Domestic
2. Acetic Acid Acetic Acid. CH3COOH Vinegar
3. Acetylene Acetylene C2H2 Fruit Ripening.
4. Ammonia Ammonia NH3 Refrigeration
5. Ammonium Nitrate Fertilizes
6. Ammonium Sulphate Fertilizers
7. Baking Soda Sodium Bicarbonate NaHCO3 Domestic
8. Bleaching Powder Calcium Hipo Chloride Ca(OCL)2
9. Carbon Dioxide Carbon Dioxide CO2 Fire extinguisher
10. Caustic Soda Sodium Hydroxide NaOH Washing.
11. Chloroform Tri Choloro Methane CHCI3 Medical purpose
12. Galena Lead Sulfide Ore of Lead
13. Gypsum Calcium Sulfate
14. Laughing Gas Nitrous Oxide N20
15. Lime water Calcium Hydroxide CaoH2
16. Plaster of Paris Calcium Sulfate
17. Hydrochloric Acid HCL Industry
18. Sulfuric Acid Sulfuric Acid H2SO4 Batteries
19. Silver Bromide Silver Bromide AgBr. Photography
20. Polythene Ethylene C2H4
21. Urea Fertilizes
22. Washing Soda Sodium Carbonate Na2Co3IoH2O Soap Making
Principal river systems of world
Nile (Africa) is the largest river (6690 Kms) while Nile originates from lake Albert in Uganda and Blue Nile from Ethiopia; the two together join at Khartoum in Sudan to form the river Nile. After flowing through Egypt (longest course) it falls into Medetarian Sea near Alexandria.
Amazon (south America) originates from the Andes mountains in Peru; tributaries come from Bolivia, Earander and Venezuela; the river mainly flows through Brazil and falls into Atlantic ocean.
Yangtzekiang (Asia) rises in North East Tibet; flows mainly through China draining into the East china Sea.
Mississippi Missouri (North America) rises in lake Attics in USA (Mississippi & Missouri) from saint Louis; together they flow into the Gulf of Mexico at New Orlando.
Mackenzie (North America) rises in great slave lake. It flows through Canada to Mackenzie Bay in Arctic Ocean.
Mekong (Asia) rises in Tibet, flows through China, Thailand and loss and ends in South China Sea.
Niger (Africa) rises near Sierra Leone; flows through Nigeria and enters Atlantic ocean.
Murray Darling (Australia) rises from Australian Alps.
Foreign Travelers
1. Magesthenese – came to India in 315 BC as an ambassador of Selucas in Chandragupta Maurya’s court.
2. Fihen – a Chinese pilgrim visited India from 401-410 AD during the reign of Chandergupta Vikramadita.
3. Hieuntsang – a Chinese pilgrim visited India from 629 to 643 during Harsha’s rule.
4. Alberuni – A well known Asian scholar visited India in 1030 with the army of Mehmood of Gazni.
5. Ibn Batuta – Moroccan Traveler.
6. Marco Polo – European Traveler visited India during the Pandays’ time on his way to China.
7. Vascodegama – Portuguese sailor succeeded in reaching port of Calicut rounding the Cape of Good Hope.
Trophies Game
1. Aga Khan cup - Hockey
2. Ashes - Cricket
3. Canada Cup - Golf
4. Davis Cup - Lawn tennis
5. Durby Cup - Horse racing
6. Dhanchand cup - Hockey
7. Durand Cup - Football
8. Ezra Cup - Polo
9. FA Cup - Football
10. Jai Lakshmi Cup - National Table Tennis champinship
11. FIFA Cup - Football
12. Lady Ratan Tata Trophy - Hockey Women
13. Merdeka Cup - Football
14. Nehru Trophy - Hockey
15. Ranji Trophy - Cricket
16. Rangaswami Cup - National Hockey Championship
17. Rovers Cup - Football
18. Santosh Trophy - National Football Championship.
19. Subroto Cup - Football
20. Thomas Cup - Badminton
21. Uber Cup - Badminton
22. Wallinton Cup - Rowing
Places and Capitals
1. Wankada stadium is in Mumbai.
2. Capital of Nagaland – Kohima.
3. Capital of Kerala – Trivandrum
4. Capital of Chatisgadh – Raipur
5. Capital of Jharkhand – Ranchi.
6. Capital of Uttranchal – Dehradun.
Important Dances and Academies
1. Sangeet Natak Academy – 1953 – objectives – to foster and develop Indian dances, drama, film, music etc.
It has setup training centers in sponsoring festivals and cultural exchanges in the field of dance, drama etc.
2. Lalit Kala Academy – 1954 – study and research in the field of painting, sculpture, architecture and applied sciences etc.
3. Sahit Kala Academy – 1954 – Encouraging literary activities in all Indian languages.
4. Bharat Natyam – Its principles were taken from Bharats Natya Sastra. Basically from Tamil Nadu it is also known as the mother dance as most other dances have originated from it. Earlier it was known as Dasiatam and was practiced by Devdasis of South Indian Temples.
5. Kathak – North India – Katha story taken from various epics eg. Radha Krishna legend.
6. Kathakali – Most refined, scientifically defined dance from Kerala. It’s a dance drama.
7. Kuchipudi – Is a dance drama from Andhra Pradesh.
8. Manipuri – Manipur.
9. Mohiniatam – Kerala – Female solo dance.
10. Odisi – Also based on Natya sastra – Orissa.
11. Garba – Gujarat
12. Dandia – Gujarat
13. Raslila – UP
14. Nautanki – UP.
Artists
Sl. No. Activity Artist
1. Kathak Birju Maharaj, Damanat Joshi, Gopi Krishan, Shambhu Majaraj, Sitara Devi, Shabna Narayan.
2. Bharatnatyam Indrani Rehman, yamini Krishnamurti, Rukmani Devi, Bala Saraswati, Swapan Sundri, Sonal Mansingh, Mirnalini Sarabhai, Shiela Durai Swami.
3. Kuchipudi Swapan Sundri, Shobha Naidu, Guru Vedantam, Satyanarayan
4. Kathakali Kunju Kurup, Gopinath Shah, K.K. Nayar.
5. Manipuri Charu Mathur, Uday Shankar,
6. Odisi Guru Kerucharan Mahapatra, Indrani Rehman, Protima Bedi, Sonal Mansingh, Guru Deboprasad Das.
7. Vocal Begum Akhtar, Bade Gulam Alik Khan, Bhimsen Joshi, Onkar Nath Takur, Pankaj Malik, M.S. Subulaksmi, Tansen, Gangu Bhai Hangal, malika Arjun Mansoor.
8. Sitar Ravishankar, Vilayat Khan, Ustad Mustakh Ali Khan.
9. Tabla Kishan Maharaj, Latif Ahmed, Ala Rakha, Zakir Husain, Samta Prasad, Anand Gopal Bahdopadhya
10. Shehnai Bismila Khan.
11. Veena Asad Ali Khan
12. Pakhavaj Kanthe Maharaj, Anokhe Lal
13. Sarod Ali Akhar Khan, Amjad Ali Kahn
14. Flute Hari Prasad Chaurasia, T.R. Mahalingum, Panna Lal Ghosh.
Important Temple Styles
1. Nagada style of architecture was prevalent in North India. The crucial form ground plan and quibi linear tower may be regarded as fundamental characteristics of nagada temples. In Orissa the small but decorated Mukeshwara Temple is an example of this style.
2. Dravidian style – Flourished in the territories between Krishna & Kanyakumari. Two fundamental components of full fledged temples are Vimana representing section with tall pyramidal temple and the Gopuram i.e., gateway leading to temple. Kailashnath temple at Kanchipuram, Brideshwara, Elora.
3. Vasara Style – Consists of two principle components i.e., vimana and mandapa. Kaileshwar temple and jainer temple are the examples.
Important Tribes
1. Kuku tribe - Tripura.
2. Sansi - Punjab
3. Toda - Madhya Pradesh
4. Bhiles - Madhya Pradesh
5. Baiga - Madhya Pradesh
6. Muria - Madhya Pradesh
7. Jantia - Assam and Meghalya
8. Garo - Assam
9. Bodo - Assam
10. Khasi - Assam
11. Gaddi - Himachal Pradesh
12. Lepcha - Sikkim.
13. Chenchu - Andhra Pradesh & Orissa.
14. Santhal - Bihar
15. Biles - Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh.
Sl. No. Country/State Capitals
1. Israel Televi or Jerusalem
2. Jordan Aman
3. S. Korea Seoul
4. Kuwait Kuwait city
5. Lebanon Berud
6. Malaysia Kaulalampur
7. Maldives Male
8. Nepal Katmandu
9. Oman Muscat
10. Pakistan Islamabad
11. Philippines Manila
12. Qatar Doha
13. Saudi Arabia Riad
14. Thailand Bangkok
15. India New Delhi
16. UAE Abu dabi
17. Angola Luanda
18. Egypt Cairo
19. Kenya Nairobi
20. Libya Tripoli
21. Uganda Kampala
22. Zambia Lusaka
23. Zimbabwe Harare
24. Argentina Burris Aires
25. Canada Ottawa
26. Chile Santiago
27. Cuba Havana
28. Austria Vienna
29. Belgium Brussels
30. Bulgaria Sofia
31. Denmark Copenhagen
32. Finland Helsinki
33. France Paris
34. Italy Roam
35. Netherlands Amsterdam
36. Norway Oslo
37. Portugal Lisbon
38. Sweden Stockholm
39. Vatican City Vatican City
40. Yugoslavia Belgrade
Sl. No. City River
1. Vijayvada Krishna
2. Nashik Godavri
3. Cuttak Mahanadi
4. Cairo Nile
5. Busra Tigris
6. Bagdad Tigris
First Incidents
Sl.No.
1. 1st President of USA Gorge Washington
2. 1st Prime Minister of Britain Robert Warpol
3. 1st President of China Sun Yet Sen
4. 1st Woman PM of a country Mrs. S. Bhandarnaike (Sri Lanka)
5. 1st European invader of India Allexander
6. 1st Chinese pilgrim to India Fihen
7. 1st man on moon Yuri Gagrin
8. 1st Woman in space Valentena Terescova
9. 1st census was carried out in India 1872
10. 1st Naval chief to be sacked Admiral Vishnu Bhagwat.
11. 1st feature film was Pundalik
12. 1st Dental College at Calcutta. William Benthic
13. 1st Railway line 1853 – Lord Dalhousie
14. 1st Postal service 1853
15. 1st viceroy of India Lard Canning
16. 1st Governor General Lord Warren Hasting
17. 1st UN Secretary General
Tygve Lie
18. 1st General election 1952
19. 1ST Nuclear bomb was dropped over Hiroshima. August 1945
20. 1st Governor General of free India Lord Mount Betton.
21. 1st President of India Dr. Rajinder Prasad
22. 1st President of INC W.C. Banerjee in 1885
23. 1st Chinese to go in space Lft. Col. Yang Liwei
Names Given
Sl. No. Name given Name of the person
1. Lok Nayak Jai Prakash Narain
2. Frontier Gandhi Abdul Gafar Khan.
3. Badha Khan Abdul Gafar Khan.
4. C.R. Chakarvarti Rajgopala Chari
5. Mahamania Pt. Madan Mohan Malvia
6. Gurudev Rabinder Nath Tagor
7. Guruji M.S. Golvalkar
8. Grand old Man Dada Bhai Naroji
9. Deshbandhu C.R. Das
10. Lion of Punjab Lala Lajpat Rai.
11. Lok Manaya Bal Gangadhar Tilak
12. Iron Man Lala Lajpat Rai
13. Sparrow Major General Rajinder Singh
14. Deenbandhu C.F. Andrews
15. Nightingale of India Sarojni Naidu.
S.No. Name of the Society / Association Founded by Year Place
1. Land holders society Dawarka Nath Tagor 1838 Calcutta
2. British India Society William Adam 1939 London
3. British India Association Debender Nath Tagor 1851
4. East India Association Daba Bhai Naroji 1866
5. Madra Mahajan Sabha V. Raghavchari & S. Iyer 1884 Madras
6. Bombay Presidency Association Firoz shah Ahmed Khan 1885 Bombay
7. United India Patriotic Association Sir Sayed Ahmed Khan 1888 Aligadh
8. Servants of India Society Gopal Krishan Gokhle 1905 Bombay
9. Communist party of India M.N. Roy 1920 Taskan
10. Servants of People society Lajpat Rai 1920 Lahor
11. India National Trade Union Congress
(Lala Lajpat Rai was the 1st President) N.M. Joshi 1920 Lucknow
12. Swaraj Party Motilal Nehru & C.R. Das 1920 Delhi.
13. Rashtriya Swem Sewak Sang K.K. Hedgewar 1925
14. Forward Block Subhash Chander Bose 1939 Calcutta
15. Radical Democratic Party M.N. Roy 1940 Calcutta
Newspapers
Sl. No. Newspaper Founded by Year
1. Bengal Gazet J.K. Hiki 1780
1st newspaper
2. Indian mirror Debendernath Tagor & Manmohan Gosh
3. Times of India 1861
4. Amrit Bazar Patrika Motilal Ghosh & Sishir Ghosh 1868
5. Tribune Sir Dayal Singh Majithia 1877
6. Statesman Robert Nigh 1878
7. Maratha Agarkar 1881
8. India Dada Bhai Naroji 1890
9. Vandematram Lala Hyerdayal & Shamji Verma 1909
10. Alhilar Abul Kalam Azad 1912
11. Bombay Chronical Firozshah Mehta 1913
12. New India Annie Besant 1914
13. Navjeevan Mahatma Gandhi
14. Young India Mahatma Gandhi
15. Harijan Mahatma Gandhi
16. Indian Opinion Gandhiji started this newspaper during his stay in South Africa.
General Points
1. Largest number of Muslim population is in India.
2. Ore of Aluminum – Bauxite.
3. Ore of Iron – Hematite
4. Ore of Copper – Cuprite.
5. Solder is an alloy of lead and tin.
6. Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc.
7. Highest rainfall – Mausimram (Mehghalya)
8. Kal Basakhi is the name of the storm occurring in some areas in West Bengal and Assam. Such storms bring vast destruction in these areas. These winds blow in the month of Baisakh.
9. Mango Showers is the name given to pre monsoon showers in the coastal areas of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. These rain bearing winds help in the ripening of mango fruit.
10. Hyderabad is on river Krishna.
11. Banaras Hindu University was established by Pandit Madan Mohan Malvia.
12. EEG is used to check brain current.
13. Pimpri is in Maharastra famous for Penicillin factory.
14. Thermo flask is painted silver by silver oxide.
15. White Phosphorus is used in rat poison.
16. Catalyst is a substance which increases the rate of chemical reaction.
17. Catalyst used in body for chemical reactions are known as Enzymes (are biological catalysts which helps in various chemical processes in body).
18. Supersonic is the speed greater than the speed of sound.
19. Ultrasonic frequency is frequency in excess of 20000 HzDs.
20. Frequencies human beings can hear 20 Hzs to 20000 HzDs.
21. Current is measured in Ampair.
22. Main constituent of gobar gas is – Methane
23. Main constituent of LPG is – Butane.
24. Solid carbon dioxide is called dry ice.
25. IED – Improvised Explosive Device.
26. Pulses are rich source of proteins.
27. Astronauts talk through radio waves.
28. Gases used in refrigerators – Freon and Ammonia.
29. Viagra is used for male impotency.
30. PH value of neutral things is 7
31. PH value of Acidic things is 0 to 7.
32. PH value of Basic things is 7 to 14.
33. Hardest Metal – Tungsten.
34. Heater element is made up of Nickel and Chromium.
35. Body easily synthesise – Vitamin D – strengthen bones and teeth.
36. Separation of Burma from India – 1937.
37. Jama Mazjid was built by Shahjahan.
38. IMF headquarters – Washington
39. Indian state largest exporter of fish – Maharastra.
40. Birhors live in Madhya Pradesh
41. Busiest ocean route is North Atlantic Ocean.
42. Kalpakam Atomic Power Station is built indigenously.
43. The process by which sun’s rays get converted into chemical energy is known as Bio Synthesis.
44. Heaviest metal is Lead
45. Average salt content in a liter of sea water – 35 grms.
46. Founder of Muslim league – Nawab Salimula.
47. British Parliament passed Indian Independence Bill on 1st July 1947.
48. Branch of science that studies insects Entomology.
49. Branch of science that studies cells – Cytology.
50. Element found in proteins – Nitrogen.
51. Al-Beruni accompanied Mahmud of Gazni.
52. Name of All India Radio changed to Akashwani - 1957.
53. Gandhiji’s satyagrah on 1919 to protest against Rowlett Act.
54. Adoption of 10+2+3 pattern of education – Saha Commission 1977.
55. IVC people worshiped Pasupati.
56. Earth’s revolution covers 966 million kms.
57. Laxmibai National College of Physical Education – Gawalior.
58. Germany is not a permanent member of Security Council.
59. There are 12 constellation in our galaxy Milky Way.
60. Founder of weekly paper ‘Al-Hilal’ – Abul Kalam Azad.
61. Netaji Subhash Institute of sports – Patiala.
62. International Court of Justice is at Hague.
63. ‘Roytwar’ settlement in Madras – Thomas Munro.
64. Hunter Committee to review progress of education was appointed in 1901.
65. Ancient name of Bengal – Gauda.
66. Father of Indian Renaissance – Raja Ram Mohan Roy.
67. Ernakulam achieved full literacy.
68. Doctrine of Lapse – Lord Dalhousie.
69. Excise duty is the main source of revenue for Central Government.
70. Sales tax is the main source of revenue of State Government.
71. Operation of Gulf war is known as Desert Strom.
72. Korba – Chatisgadh – Thermal Power Plant.
73. Haldia – West Bengal - Petroleum Products.
74. Goa was added to India in 1961.
75. MERCOSUR is the group of countries of Latin America.
76. High Courts in Bombay, Madras and Calcutta were setup in 1861.
77. Pitcher Plant is a carnivorous plant.
78. Air Force Academy is located at Hyderabad.
79. Sahitya Academy award is given in 21 languages.
80. UNESCO headquarters – Paris.
81. Lord Warren Hastings was impeached in England for his acts committed as Governor General.
82. Mulberry growing is associated with Sericulture.
83. Sanskrit poet Raj Shekhar lived in the court of Mahipala II.
84. United Nations Day is celebrated on 24th October.
85. The biggest star in our galaxy is Proxima Century.
86. Direct telephone lines between India and Britain – 1870.
87. Irrigation Policy in India – Lord Lawrence.
88. 1st December – World Aids Day
89. Netherlands is famous for diamond cutting industry.
90. Indian National Army was established in 1943 at Singapore.
91. School of Philosophy was established by Ram Anuja in 12th century AD – vishishtadvaita.
92. Largest export item among Indian plantation – tea.
93. Dog has 42 teeth.
94. Magnesium is essential for plants because it helps in formation of Chlorophyll.
95. Operation Black Board refers to elementary education.
96. Treaty of Srirangapatnam was signed between Tipu Sultan and Lord Warren Hastings.
97. Pluto takes 248 years to revolve round the sun.
98. Quit India movement started at Bombay on 8th August 1942.
99. National literacy mission was launched in 1988.
100. Punchsheel was singed between India and China in 1954.
101. Unhappy India is written by Lala Lajpat Rai.
102. State with highest literacy rate is Kerala followed by Mizoram.
103. Name of Bhuddha’s mother – Mahamaya.
104. Buddha born in 563BC.
105. Death of Buddha is known as mahaparinirvan.
106. Three sets of Buddhism:
i. Heinyan – treat Buddha as human being
ii. Mahayan – treat Buddha as god.
iii. Vajrayan – developed under the impact of Tantrasastra.
107. 2nd Buddhist council was presided over by Saravkami.
108. 1st Jain Council in 322-298 BC during the rein of Chander Gupta Maurya, Jainism divided into Shwetambar and Digambars. Presided over by Sturbadra.
109. Sati was abolished by Lord William Bentick.
110. English was introduced as a medium of instruction – William Benthic
111. Vice Roy killed in India – Lord Mayo.
112. Poona pact – 1932
113. Koina is in Maharastra
114. Dhanbad is in Jharkhand
115. Mutiny of 1857 during the rein of Lord Canning.
116. Book God of small things written by Anudati Roy and she received Magsay award for it.
117. Sam Veda is called the Cannon of Charts.
118. Jehlum was known as Vithaste.
119. Roulkela Steel Plan was established with the help of Germany.
120. Trepati is in Andhra Pradesh.
121. International Airports in India – 11.
122. Old Alluvial soil is known as Bhangar.
123. New Alluvial soil is known as Khadar.
124. Calcutta is the biggest harbor.
125. Major food crop of India is Rice.
126. Monozite is found in Kerala.
127. Capital of Mauryan Dynasty was Patliputra.
128. Panch Mahal was built by Akbar at Fathepur Sikri.
129. Kailash Temple were built by Rastrakutas at Ellora.
130. Capital of Palvas was kancipuram.
131. Akbar’s Mausoleum is at Sikandra.
132. Slogan each one teach one was given by Mahatma Gandhi.
133. Parliament house, North Block & South Block is designed by Leuton and is known as Leuton’s Delhi.
134. Fohn winds are helpful in ripening of grapes
135. The most spoken language in the World is Chineese.
136. LPG consist of Methane, Butane and Propane.
137. Voice of India – Dada Bhai Naroji
138. Young India – Mahatma Gandhi
139. Indian Opinion – Mahatma Gandhi.
140. Kesri – Bal Gangadhar Tilak.
141. Equilibrium price – which equates demand and supply.
142. New liberalized economic policy was announced in 1991.
143. Rubber is a natural polymer.
144. Largest area state wise – Rajasthan.
145. Van Mahotsav was propogated by Kanhiyal Lal and Maniklal Munshi.
146. Sangam literature is written in Tamil Language.
147. Baledela mines are in MP (Iron ore mines)
148. Largest area under tank irrigation – TN
149. Mansabdari system was introduced by Akbar.
150. Agar was founded by Sikander Lodhi.
151. Pooran Swaraj was adopted in Lahor Session.
152. Quit India movement – Bombay Session.
153. Hunter Commission is concerned with primary school education.
154. There are 8 postal zones in India.
155. Highest growth rate of population is in the State of Nagaland.
156. Country with lowest literacy rate is Pakistan.
157. PM of England at the time of 2nd Round Table Conference – Ramsay Mcdonald.
158. Best soil for wheat cultivation – clay soil
159. Biosphere is the area where life exists.
160. INS Chilka is at Bhuvneshwar.
161. Main source of power is India is Hydel Power.
162. Taskan Agreement was singed in 1965.
163. BCG vaccine is given for TB.
164. Clouds responsible for rainfall are Nimbo Stratus.
165. East coast of India is known as Coramandal Coast.
166. Taxila is the famous site of Gandhara Art.
167. India’s biggest nuclear reactor is Dhruva.
168. Seat of Peshwa power was Sitara.
169. Charakh was the court physician of Kanishka.
170. Trade winds are also known as Easterlies.
171. Roaring Forties are wind which blow between 400 to 600 South regularly and fiercely.
172. Pits India Act – 1784
173. Regulating Act – 1773
174. High courts established in India – 1861
175. Morlay Minto Reforms – 1909 (Separate representation to Muslim)
176. Partition of Bengal revoked in 1911
177. Civil Disobedience Movement started by Gandhi – 1930.
178. Salt Law was broken by Dandi March – 1930 (Gandhiji walked with 78 volunteers)
179. Gandhi Irvin Pact 1931
180. Separate Pakistan demand by Mohd. Ali Jinha of Muslim League – 1940
181. Heat of interim Govt. was Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru – 1946.
182. Quit India movement 1942
183. Communal Awards – 1932 – by Ramsay McDonald British PM.
184. INA established in 1943 by Subhash Chander Bose at Singapore.
185. Pooran Swaraj Resolution – 1929 at Lahor session of INC by jawahar Lal Nehru.
186. Bardoli movement was started by Sardar Patel and was given the title ‘sardar’ by the women of Bardoli.
187. Chauri Chaura episode – 1922
188. Khilafat movement – 1920 started by Ali Brothers.
189. Roulette Act or Black Bill – 1919.
190. Jaliawala bagh masacar – General Dyre – 13th April 1919
191. A commission was appointed after Jaliawala Bagh massacre which favored General Dyers Action.
192. Governor General of India during Jaliawala bagh massacre ws Lord Chemsford.
193. Split in Congress – 1907 at Surat session.
194. Last Governor General of India – C. Rajgopalachari.
195. Simon Commission – Governor General – Lord Irwin.
196. Father of local self Government – Lord Rippon.
197. Lord Curzon was known as Aurengzeb of British India.
198. Akal Takhat was established by Guru Hargobindji.
199. Guru Gobind Singhji sent a letter to Aurengzed known as Zafarnama.
200. Guru Nanak Devji born at Talwandi.
201. Guru Gobind Singh born at Patna.
202. Gol Gumbaz is tomb of Mohd. Adil Shah is at Bijapur, Karnataka.
203. Buland Darwaza is at Fatherpur Sikri built by Akbar to commemorate his victory over Gujarat.
204. Ali Darwaza is at Delhi near Qutub Minar built by Aludin Khilji.
205. Qutub Minar built by Illtumish.
206. Qutub din Abiek was known as Lakhbadsha
207. Shahnama was written by Firdosi.
208. Project Tigre – Corbet National Park – 1972.
209. INS Talwar – new warship of Indian Navy – inducted on 25th June 2003
210. START – Stretagic Arms Reduction Treaty.
विज्ञान
Biology
Human Body
1. Human body is made up of very small blocks called cells. These contain a living substance called Protoplasm.
Systems of the Body
2. Skeletal system – The frame of the human body is made up of bones. It consists of 206 bones. It helps the body to stand, give shape to the body and also protects the inner organs like brain, heart etc. It also gives attachment to muscles. In the bone mellow RBCs are produced.
3. Muscular System – Comprises the flesh pieces under the skin. There are two types of muscles.
i. Voluntary muscles – which we can control.
ii. Involuntary muscles – which we cannot control. Eg. Cardiac muscles.
4. Digestive System – Comprises of 28 feet long tube. It helps in the digestion of food, produces blood and provides heat and energy to the body.
i. Mouth – Food is chewed in the mouth and here it mixes with saliva. Saliva is a fluid that comes to mouth from three pairs of salivary glands. It converts starch into sugar.
ii. Stomach – is a pouch made up of fine hair like projections. Here gastric glands coverts proteins into peptones.
iii. Small intestine – It is 22 feet long tube. Its secretion change starch into sugar and proteins into peptones. Thus a major part of the digestion process is completed in the small intestine.
iv. Large intestine – It segregates water from the food.
v. Liver – works as a store house for carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins. It helps to keep sugar level of the body constant.
5. Circulatory System – Digestive system helps in the formation of blood. Respiratory system purifies the blood while circulatory system circulates the blood to the different parts of the body. Impure blood from all parts of the body comes to heart which works like a pumping station. Heart pours the impure blood into lungs. Purified blood is again brought to heart to be distributed to all parts of the body. The vessels that take pure blood from heart are called Arteries and the vessels that take impure blood to the heart are called Veins.
6. Respiratory System – helps us to breath air in to lungs. Here oxygen combines with hemoglobin and is thus distributed to all the limbs.
7. Excretory System – Consists of lungs, skin and kidney. The lungs throw out waste matter of the body in the form of carbon dioxide. Kidneys are two been shaped organs on either side of the spinal cord. When blood flows through kidneys they strain out poisonous material which along with water is passed on to the urinary bladder. Skin throws out waste material in the form of sweat. Skin gives a sense of touch and protects inner organs and give shape and colour to the body.
8. Nervous system – Nervous system consists of brain and spinal chord. The brain controls the memory and other processes of the body.
9. Bladders – There are 2 bladders in the human body.
i. Gallbladder – Stores and produces Bile. Bile is a green coloured fluid. Bile is later poured into the small intestine and helps in removing poison from the blood.
ii. Urinary Bladder – collects waste material filtered out by kidneys and passes it down by two tubes called urethras.
10. Thyroid Gland is situated on the base of the neck. It controls the speed of the various body processes.
11. Pituitary Gland is situated near brain. It is also known as Master Gland. It controls other glands and determines the height of the individual.
12. Liver is the largest gland in the human body. It stores extra sugar in blood and releases sugar when it is required by the body. It manufactures urea and secretes bile.
13. Lungs – their main function is to purify blood with the help of inhaled oxygen.
14. Pancreas produces pancreatic juices and insulin which helps in burning carbohydrates. The deficiency of insulin causes diabetes.
15. Spleen – is the blush red organ situated left to the stomach. It is the birth place of WBCs and grave yard for RBCs. During fever and other infections spleen is enlarged and protects body by killing germs.
Blood
1. Blood is a red coloured fluid in the body which consists of RBCs, WBCs and Plasma.
2. Blood helps to maintain the temperature of the body. Removes waste material. Fight germs and carry hormones to the different organs.
3. Total volume of blood in a normal human being is about 5 ltrs. (60-80 ml per Kg)
4. RBCs are produced in Bone Marrow
5. Red compound in RBCs is Hemoglobin
6. Hemoglobin supply oxygen to the different parts of the body.
7. Dead RBCs are stored in spleen
8. Life cycle of RBCs is 120 days.
9. RBCs are also called Erythrocytes
10. Amount of Hemoglobin
11. Man – 14-15.6 g/100 cubic cms of blood
12. Woman 11-14 g/100 cubic cms of blood
13. Function of RBCs is to carry O2 to different limbs of the body
14. WBCs are formed in spleen.
15. Function of WBCs – defence mechanism of the body and protects body from invading bacterial.
16. Neutrophills – prevent attack of invading bacteria
17. Lymphocytes – produces antibodies
18. (Antibody is a substance produced in the blood in response to an Antigen or foreign body like bacteria, virus or toxic etc.
19. Besophils –secrete heparin (anticoagulant) which prevents blood clotting inside body.
20. Blood transfusion means administering blood of the same blood group to the blood stream of another person. Blood is divided into 4 groups ie., A, AB , B & O.
21. The blood in human body is oxygenated and purified in the lungs
22. Human blood was classified by – K. Landsteiner in 1900-02
23. Universal donor is – O
24. Universal acceptor is – AB
25. Rh factor was discovered by – K. Landseiner in 1940
26. Normal blood pressure – 120/80
27. Ratio of WBCs to RBCs in human body is 1 : 500.
28. Impure blood from all parts of the body enter Right auricle in heart.
Bones
1. Total no. of bones in human body – 206
2. Total no. of bones in babies is – 300
3. Largest bone is – Femur or thigh bone
4. Shortest bone is – stapes (in middle ear)
5. How many bones are there is skull – 28 bones
6. How many facial bones are there – 14 bones
7. Total number of muscles in human body – more than 400.
Human Eye
Eye works like a camera. Light waves reflected from the surface of the objects passes through the pupil of the eye and forms an image on the retina. This nervous impulse is sent by optic nerve to the brain. Thus the image is formed and understood.
Defects of Eye
1. Myopia or Short sightedness – In this case eye balls become more convex so the image formed is unable to reach the retina. Such a person cannot see distant objects. It can be corrected by using concave lenses.
2. Hyper metropia or Long sightedness – In this case eye balls become less convex thus the image is formed behind retina. Such a person cannot see near objects. It can be corrected by using convex lenses.
3. Astigmatism – In this case a person cannot see horizontal objects or vertical objects. It can be remedied by using cylindrical lenses.
4. Colour Blindness – When a person is unable to distinguish between colours especially red and green he is colour blind. Colour blindness is caused by the deficiency of Vitamin A. It is a hereditary disease.
5. Son of a colour blind person is likely to be colour blind because sexual inheritance finds easy way in case of males but not necessarily in case of females.
6. Nigh blindness is also hereditary and is caused by deficiency of vitamin A. Person suffering from night blindness cannot see objects clearly at night.
Human diet
1. Proteins – helps to build up tissues of the body and repair of worn out tissues. They are found in egg, meat, floor, rice, milk and more importantly in cheese, soya beans.
2. Fats – help in burning carbohydrates and work as reserve food found in butter, ghee and vegetable oil.
3. Carbohydrates – supply instant energy to the body. Found in potatoes, rice, wheat and sugar.
4. Mineral Salts – are slats of iron, calcium, and sodium. Salts of iron enrich the blood. Iron is found in green vegetables, apple and banyans.
5. Salts of calcium – help in the formation of bones and teeth. Calcium is found in eggs and milk.
6. The term vitamine was given by C. Funk – 1911.
7. Vitamin A – Retinol – is found in milk, butter, ghee, carrot, tomatoes, green vegetables, cord liver oil. Its deficiency causes anemia, night blindness, colour blindness and rickets.
8. Vitamin B – Seeds of roots, plants and yoke of egg. It helps in the growth, appetite and nervous system. Lack of it causes enlargement of liver and beri beri.
9. Vitamin B2 – Riboflavin – Milk, peas, beans, yeast, meat, egg and green vegetables.
10. Vitamin B5 – Niacin – Meat, fish, potato, whole grain, tomato, groundnut & green vegetables.
11. Vitamin B12 – meat, liver, milk.
12. Pholic Acid – Green Vegetables, sprouted pulses.
13. Vitamin C – Ascorbic Acid - Juicy fruits like oranges, lemon, tomato, cabbage, onions, amla and green vegetables. Lack of it causes defective bones, teeth and scurvy.
14. Vitamin D – Caleiferol - Found in milk, butter, cord liver oil and most importantly in sun rays. Lack of it causes Rickets.
15. Vitamin E – Tocopherol - Found in wheat, green vegetables, butter etc. lack of it causes Sterility.
16. Vitamin K – Synthesized by our body.
17. Water soluble vitamins are B-complex & vitamin C.
18. Fat soluble vitamins are vitamin A, D & K.
Human Diseases
Viral Disease
1. Viral – Rabies or hydrophobia is caused by rabies virus and its mode of transmission is bite of mad dog, monkey etc.
2. Small pox – is caused by Veriola Virus. Spreads by direct contact and also indirectly by injected articles.
3. Chickenpox – veressala virus. Spreads by direct contact and also indirectly by injected articles.
4. Dengu – Bite of Andes Mosquitoes.
5. Polio – Housefly and contaminated water.
6. AIDS – caused by HIV Virus. Caused by Blood transfusion, using infected needles, unsafe sex.
7. Hepatitis – Jaundice caused by Water.
Bacterial Disease - Diphtheria, phenomena, plague, TB
8. Malaria – caused by the bite of infected female anopheles mosquitoes.
Sl. No. Name of the Disease Effected part of the Body
1. Catarac Eyes
2. Dyptheria Throat
3. Jaundice Liver
4. Phenomia Lungs
5. TB Lungs, intestine
6. Tracuma Eyes
7. Diabeties Pancreas
8. Pyria Gums and Teeth
9. Manengitis Spinal cord and brian
10. Arthritis Joints and bones
11. Conjectivitis Eyes
12. AIDS Immunity system
13. Hippititus Liver
14. Aphasia Memory
1. Normal heart beat is 70 – 72/Min. in males 78-82/Min. in females
2. Largest gland in the human body is – Liver
3. Master gland is – Pituitary gland
4. Bile is stored in – Gall Bladder
5. Carbohydrates are stored in – Liver
6. What is the function of kidneys – to filter nitrogenous waste of the body from the blood and throw them out as urine.
7. Weight of the brain – 1.4 kg (male) 1.3 kg(female) – 3% of the body weight.
8. The largest part of the rain is – Cerebrum
9. Food is mainly digested in – small intestine
10. Gastric juices contain HCL (Hydrochloric acid) Acid.
11. Bile is stored in – Gall Bladder
12. Insulin is secreted by – Pancreas
13. Oestrogen is secreted by – Ovary
14. Testosterone is secreted by – testes
15. How many chromosomes are there – 46 (23 pairs)
16. Green colour of the leaves is due to the presence of chlorophyll.
17. Common cold is caused by – Rhinovirus.
18. What is the function of Kidney – Excretion of urine.
19. Hear burn refers to an uneasy sensation in stomach.
20. During day time plants absorb Co2
21. The genetic information is stored in – DNA
22. The main organ for digestion and absorption of food is – small intestine
23. Yellow fever is a viral disease transmitted by – Andes.
24. Proteins are mainly required for regeneration of cells
25. Strips on the back of animals are indicative of matching of skin colour with surroundings.
26. We feel drowsy after a heavy meal because brain receives less oxygen as blood rushes to supply oxygen and metrition to the contracting stomach and intestine
27. The hormone responsible for the secretion of milk in mothers is lactogenic hormone.
28. Which disease is known as ‘silent killer’ – Blood Pressure
29. Dialysis is used for a patent suffering form kidney trouble.
30. Elisa Test is done to detect the presence of HIV Virus.
31. Western Blot Testis the confirmation test of AIDS
32. Pulse reading is taken to find out heart beat
33. Typhoid is immunized by triple antigen.
34. Liver stores glucose as glycogen.
35. Test tube baby means fertilization of ovum takes place in the test tube and develops in uterus.
36. What is Leclamche Cell? – A modified form of simple voltaic cell, used zinc and carbon as electrodes, a saturated solution of ammonium chloride as electrolyte and manganese oxide as depolasiser.
37. Chromosomes not relating to sexual inheritance are called autozomes.
38. Heredity is controlled by jeans which is a segment of RNA and DNA
39. Egg laying mammal is - Spinster Ant Eater
40. Largest mammal is – Blue Whale
41. Ostomalisia is caused by deficiency of Vitamin D.
42. Types of Cells in Human body which form the function of transport of gasses is Erythrocytes.
43. Chemical name of Riboflavin – Vitamin B.
44. Latest development in Genetic Engineering is Gene Splicing.
45. Lymphocytes helps in formation of antibodies.
46. Ribosomes are related to protein synthesise.
47. Leukemia disease affects the blood cells in human body.
48. Iron is present in human body in the form of compound.
49. Gland which secretes hormones – Endocrine Gland.
50. Antibodies are administered to stimulate the production of antibodies.
51. Temperature regulatory function or thermostat in the human body is located in the Hypothalamus.
52. Plants that grow in saline soil is called Halophytes.
53. Tissue responsible for passage of water in plants in Xylem.
54. Histamine constricts or dilates the walls of blood vessels in the body.
55. Function of production of fibers and matrix in the body is performed by Fibroblasts.
56. Calcium and Phosphorus are essential for strong bones and teeth.
57. Test for testing Typhoid – Vidal test.
58. In our body tissues are bathed in Lymph.
59. Bacteriophage is a virus that attack bacteria.
Chemistry and Physics
1. The gas used in the artificial ripening of the fruits is – Acetylene.
2. Carburetor is used in an automobile to supply the mixture of petrol and air.
3. Gas responsible for Bhopal Gas Tragedy was Methyl Isocyanides.
4. The company responsible for Bhopal Gas Tragedy was Union Carbide Corporation of USA.
5. All acids contain the element Hydrogen
6. ‘IC’ chips for computers are made of Silicon.
7. ‘X’ rays are electromagnetic rays they are produced when electrons are stopped suddenly.
8. A vacuums tube that contains a filament, a grid and a plate is called a triode.
9. Picture tube of TVs etc. is cathode ray tube.
10. TV picture tube generally use electron guns of three primary colour red, blue and green.
11. Emission of electrons from a material by incident radiation is called photoelectric effect.
12. Coating of iron with zinc is called Galvanization.
13. The emission of an alpha-particle from a radioactive element decreases its mass no.
14. Radio carbon dating is a technique to estimate the age of fossils.
15. Beta rays are rays of high speed electrons.
16. Agents responsible for acid rain are so2 & No2.
17. The sensation of colour is due to wavelength of the light.
18. A blotting paper and a towel work by capillary action.
19. Soap is used in washing because it lowers the surface tension of liquids (Water).
20. Fastest growing tree is Eucalyptus.
21. Feeding of milk cattle with cotton seeds increase fat content temporarily
22. The two branches of a plant give two different fruits – tomatoes and brinjals by grafting one with the other.
23. Theory of Darwin – Survival of the fittest and struggle of existence.
24. Decomposition of organic material is due to Bacteria.
25. Beans helps in nitrogen fixation of the soil.
26. Cow which gives maximum milk yield – Jersey.
27. Plants manufacture carbohydrates (glucose or food) from CO2 and H2O in the presence of sunlight. In the process it liberates O2.
28. Hardest metal – Tungsten
29. LSD – is a narcotic drug viz. Lysergic Acid Diethylamide.
30. Why a beam of light passing through a prison produces a spectrum – Spectrum is formed on account to dispersion of light . The seven different colours viz. Violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange and red have different angles of deviation.
31. What is hibernation – It is the winter sleep of frogs etc. In this dormant state they do not need much food.
32. The main harmful drug in tobacco is – Nicotine.
33. Ores of Bauxite is – Aluminum (Al2O3H2O2) Cryolite (Na3AlF6) Corndum (Al2O3)
34. How is milk pasteurized – By heating it to a temperature of 62oC (143oF) for half an hour. The treatment kill all bacteria which cause milk to go sour and all bacteria which are harmful eg. T.B.
35. Which mirror is used as torch light reflector – Concave.
36. The material used for blue coloured glass is added with cobalt oxide.
37. Liquid oxygen boils at –183o C.
38. Oxygen can be manufactured by evaporation of liquid air.
39. Ozone gas is more soluble in water than the oxygen
40. What is inertia – Everybody has a tendency to continue in its state of rest or of uniform motion. This inherent property of all matters is called inertia.
41. WLL – Wireless in Local Looping Technology.
42. Oil can be converted into fat by the process of hydrogenation.
43. Age of a tree is determined by counting the number of rings in its trunk.
44. Addition of Sodium Chloride to the food helps maintain the normal acid based balance of the body.
45. X-Rays are Electro magnetic radiations similar to light but of shorter wavelength.
46. Radio active isotope of hydrogen is called Deuterium.
47. Acids react with metals and hydrogen gas is released.
48. Electrons with (-) charge has – no mass
49. Protons with (+) charge has – 1 A.M.U. (Atomic Mass Unit)
50. Neutrons with (no charge) has – 1 A.M.U.
51. In Atom number of Protons = number of electrons.
52. Number of Protons is known as Atomic number.
53. Protons + Neutrons is known as Mass Number.
54. Beta Rays are high speed electrons.
55. Radio carbon dating technique is used to determine the age of fossils.
56. The emission of Beta particles increased the atomic no. by 1.
57. A very high frequency wave originating in the nucleolus of atom and traveling with the speed of light is the Gamma Rays.
58. Radio active sodium is used to detect leaks in water mains.
59. X-rays are produced when electrons are suddenly stopped.
60. Gingko and Cycas are examples of living fossils.
61. Chromosome number in a bacteria is 1.
62. Bacteria E coil is readily found in human intestine.
63. A bottle cork is chemically analyised found that it contain mainly carbohydrates.
64. Coriolis forces are produced by rotation of earth.
65. Potassium Permanganate is an oxidizing agent.
66. Hydroponics is the science of cultivating plants without soil.
67. A substance that changes into vapors without heating is called volatile.
68. Pearls are formed inside mollusks.
69. Temperature of air increases with height in Stratosphere.
70. Nitrogen is utilized by plants as nitrates.
71. Escape velocity is defined as the velocity with which a body has to be projected vertically upwards from the Earth’s surface so that it escapes and overcomes the earth’s gravitational field altogether.
72. Escape Velocity is 11.2 Km/Sec.
73. Kinetic energy of a moving body is defined as its ability to do work by virtue of its motion.
74. Potential energy – a body is said to have potential energy if by virtue of its position or state it is able to do work.
75. Speed of sound in air is 300 mts./Sec.
76. Speed of sound in water is 1400 mts./sec.
77. Speed of sound in solid is 5000 mts/sec.
78. Light waves are transverse waves whereas sound waves are longitudinal waves.
79. Feron oxide is coated on the tape of a tape recorder.
80. Communication satellites are placed in Ionosphere.
81. Horology is the science of measuring time and construction of time pieces.
82. Science of silk worm breeding is known as Sericulture.
83. D2O Deuterium (Heavy Water) is used as coolant in Nuclear Reactors.
84. Mercury and Bromine are two metals liquid at room temperature.
85. Fission – breaking up of a bigger nucleolus into smaller nuclei.
86. Fussion – combining of two smaller atoms to form a bigger nuclei.
Water
87. Pure waster is generally not found in nature. Rain water is the purest form of water. During its fall it dissolves carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, dust particles etc.
88. The expansion of water on freezing has various important consequences. The water that makes its way between cracks of rocks expands as freezing exerts great pressure on rocks leading to its pigmentation or denudation. In hill areas or sub-zero temperature water supply lines burst on account of freezing of water.
89. Since the ice that forms on a body of water like a river or pond is lighter than water that has not yet been frozen. It stays at the surface instead of sinking to the bottom. Thus the surface ice insulates the liquid water underneath it from the effects of freezing temperatures. In this way aquatic plants and animal life can survive in freezing temperature.
90. The specific heat of a substance is the hear required to raise the temperature of a gram of the substance by 10 C.
91. The specific heat of water is higher than that of other substances because a large amount of heat is required to break the hydrogen bond. Thus water can absorb a lot of heat with relatively little change in temperature i.e., why it is used in the cooling systems of vehicles.
92. Heavy Water or D2O is used as a coolant or a moderator in nuclear reactors. A certain amount of heat is required to change 1 grm of liquid into gas without average change in temperature. This is known as the latent heat or the heat of vaporization. Thus steam has more heat than water at the same temperature.
93. In case of water heat of vaporization is 539.6 calories per gram.
94. A sample of water containing soluble salts of calcium, magnesium and iron does not form leather with soap is called Hard water. Hardness of water is of 2 types.
95. Temporary Hardness – caused by the bicarbonates of magnesium and calcium. This type of hardness can be removed by boiling or by putting chemicals that is Clark’s Method.
96. Permanent Hardness of water is caused by the presence of sulphate chloride and nitrates of calcium and magnesium. It can be removed by adding chemicals like washing soda i.e., ion exchange method and by putting Zeolite.
97. Soaps are sodium salts of fatty acids.
98. Battery – is an electrical device that generates electrical current by converting chemical energy into electric energy. The essential components are positive and negative electrodes which should be of electrically conductive material, a separating medium and an electrolyte. There are 4 major types of batteries.
99. Primary batteries or Dry Cells – In this Zinc is the negative plate or alode and graphite acts as positive plate or anode with ammonium chloride as electrolyte. These are not reversible.
100. Secondary or storage batteries – In such batteries, lead sponge is the negative plate and lead oxide is the positive plate with sulfuric acid as electrolyte. These are reversible and can be recharged.
101. Fuel Cells – are super batteries in which solid electrolytes of lithium, titanium dioxide or titanium nitrates are used.
102. Solar batteries – Produce energy from the sun light.
General Science
103. Why does a ship rise as it enters the sea from a river – Sea water is denser than river water. Thus the upward thrust produced by the sea water on the ship is greater as compared to the river water.
104. How does a submarine float and sinks as desired – The submarine has a chamber in which water can be filled in or pumped out as required. That make it sink when water is filled in and to float water is pumped out.
105. Why the moisture gathers on outside of glass tumbler contain cold water – Because water vapors present in the air get cooled and appear as droplets of water on coming in contract with the cold surface of the glass tumbler.
106. Why does a thermometer kept in boiling water show no change of temp even when the water is continuously heated. – A liquid boils at a particular temp. and after that it will convert into vapors. Once the liquid starts boiling the thermometer reading remains constant because there is no further increase in temp.
107. In a vacuum flask, silvering reduces the loss of heat by radiation, vacuum reduces the loss of heat by conduction or convection
108. Which reading on both Centigrade and Fahrenheit thermometer is same - -40o C
109. Why does a body immunized in water weighs less – due to the upward thrust of water.
110. What keeps the glider up in the air – The upward thrust of air.
111. What controls the direction of the aircraft – tail unit of the craft.
112. Why motorists use convex mirror – its focal length is long so it gives a wider field of view. It gives virtual, erect and diminished image.
113. How is it that a needle sinks in water but a ship does not – ship displaces water which weighs more than its own weight (Archimedes principle)
114. Water preserved in a porous vessel is cooler, why – loss of heat i.e., latent heat of water in evaporation.
115. How does fish live in river where water is frozen – water has maximum density at 4oC and ice is formed at 0oC. The formation of ice starts at top while under the surface the temp. is 4oC. So fish can live.
116. Why do two eyes give better vision then one – It gives a three dimensional picture.
117. Why is the moon devoid of atmosphere – Moon’s thinness is 10-13 of the earth which causes low gravity. So gases emanating from the surface escape into inter planetary vacuum.
118. Why do clothes keep up warm during winter – Clothes prevent the heat of the body from escaping
119. In high mountain region bleeding through nose occurs because the pressure of blood in capillaries is higher than outsider pressure.
120. What is convection – It is the transfer of heat through a liquid or gas by the actual movement of atoms or molecules.
121. Why does ice float in water but sink in alcohol – Ice has less specific gravity than that of water but more than that of alcohol.
122. The burns produced by steam are deeper than those caused by boiling water as the same temp. why – Steam has more latent heat than what the water has a the same temp.
123. Why do we not feel the movement of the earth – because we are also moving at the same temp.
124. Why is mercury used in thermometers – It is a good conductor of heat and expands uniformally on heating.
125. Why is kerosene poured on stagnant water. – Kerosene being lighter than water, floats over the water and forms a film. It does not allow the air of the atmosphere to enter the water and help the mosquitoes to breed. (stops the supply of O2)
126. How is an electrical current carried from one place to another – It travels by flow of electrons through conductors.
127. A drop of water or mercury on a clean glass plate is circular in shape – why – surface tension in the case of a liquid drop is greater which makes its surface area minimum.(area of a spherical body is minimum.
128. Why does a train stops when chain is pulled – As soon as chain is pulled vacuum breaks and air rushes and brakes are applied.
129. Why does a red flower look red – It absorb all other colours of light except red colour.
130. Why is a compass used as an indicator of direction – The magnetic needle of a compass always lies in N-S direction under the influence of earth’s magnetic field..
131. Why does radio reaction improve after sunset – After sun set there are no ionizing radiations from the sun and so ionosphere which reflects radio wavers becomes more sable. This improves radio reception.
132. Why does the gun kick back when a bullet is fired - \to every action three is an equal and opposite reaction – Newton’s third law of motion.
133. Sun appears red during sunrise and sunset because light rays from the sun have to travel a longer distance since red colour has the longest wave length it is scattered in the atmosphere.
134. Why does a cyclist bend while taking a curved turn – He bends in order to make the centre of gravity remain within the base. This saves him form falling.
135. Why does a coin lying at a the bottom of a tall cylinder full of water seem to be raised. – Rays coming out from the coin bend outward due to refraction.
136. Why do diamonds shine at night – On account to high refractive index, the rays of light get totally internally reflected.
137. Why are we advised to empty our fountain pens before boarding a plane – Atmospheric pressure at higher altitudes is less than the pressure inside the pen so ink flows out due to lower pressure.
138. Why does a man lean forward while climbing a hill – A man leans forward so as to keep him in a stable equilibrium. Leaving increase the base of support so that the vertical line passing through the centre of gravity may fall with its base.
139. If we cross the atmospheric limits of the earth there is no atmosphere and scattering of light does not take place and sky appears black.
140. What is photosynthesis? - is a process in which plants prepare carbohydrates (their food). During day time in the presence of chlorophyll while consuming carbon dioxide and water. During this process they release oxygen. During night time since photosynthesis process stops and respiration continues plants liberate carbon dioxide. So it is not advisable to sleep under a tree at night.
Instruments
1. Instrument used to measure density of milk – Lactometer.
2. Blood Pressure is measured by – Sphygmomanometer.
3. Relative Humidity is measured by – Hygrometer.
4. An instrument used by the captain of a submarine or the commander of a tank to observe above and around them – Periscope.
5. Instrument used to check velocity of wind – Annometer.
6. Study of sound is called Acoustics.
7. Density of liquids – Hydrometer.
8. Sextant – used to measure angular distance between two objects
Units
1. Unit to measure pressure – Pascle.
2. Unit to measure Intensity of light – Gauss.
3. Unit of work is – Jules.
4. Unit for measuring Spectacle lenses is Diopter.
5. Unit of resistance is Ohm.
6. Unit of heat is Calorie.
7. Unit of capacitor is Faraday
Human Body
1. Human body is made up of very small blocks called cells. These contain a living substance called Protoplasm.
Systems of the Body
2. Skeletal system – The frame of the human body is made up of bones. It consists of 206 bones. It helps the body to stand, give shape to the body and also protects the inner organs like brain, heart etc. It also gives attachment to muscles. In the bone mellow RBCs are produced.
3. Muscular System – Comprises the flesh pieces under the skin. There are two types of muscles.
i. Voluntary muscles – which we can control.
ii. Involuntary muscles – which we cannot control. Eg. Cardiac muscles.
4. Digestive System – Comprises of 28 feet long tube. It helps in the digestion of food, produces blood and provides heat and energy to the body.
i. Mouth – Food is chewed in the mouth and here it mixes with saliva. Saliva is a fluid that comes to mouth from three pairs of salivary glands. It converts starch into sugar.
ii. Stomach – is a pouch made up of fine hair like projections. Here gastric glands coverts proteins into peptones.
iii. Small intestine – It is 22 feet long tube. Its secretion change starch into sugar and proteins into peptones. Thus a major part of the digestion process is completed in the small intestine.
iv. Large intestine – It segregates water from the food.
v. Liver – works as a store house for carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins. It helps to keep sugar level of the body constant.
5. Circulatory System – Digestive system helps in the formation of blood. Respiratory system purifies the blood while circulatory system circulates the blood to the different parts of the body. Impure blood from all parts of the body comes to heart which works like a pumping station. Heart pours the impure blood into lungs. Purified blood is again brought to heart to be distributed to all parts of the body. The vessels that take pure blood from heart are called Arteries and the vessels that take impure blood to the heart are called Veins.
6. Respiratory System – helps us to breath air in to lungs. Here oxygen combines with hemoglobin and is thus distributed to all the limbs.
7. Excretory System – Consists of lungs, skin and kidney. The lungs throw out waste matter of the body in the form of carbon dioxide. Kidneys are two been shaped organs on either side of the spinal cord. When blood flows through kidneys they strain out poisonous material which along with water is passed on to the urinary bladder. Skin throws out waste material in the form of sweat. Skin gives a sense of touch and protects inner organs and give shape and colour to the body.
8. Nervous system – Nervous system consists of brain and spinal chord. The brain controls the memory and other processes of the body.
9. Bladders – There are 2 bladders in the human body.
i. Gallbladder – Stores and produces Bile. Bile is a green coloured fluid. Bile is later poured into the small intestine and helps in removing poison from the blood.
ii. Urinary Bladder – collects waste material filtered out by kidneys and passes it down by two tubes called urethras.
10. Thyroid Gland is situated on the base of the neck. It controls the speed of the various body processes.
11. Pituitary Gland is situated near brain. It is also known as Master Gland. It controls other glands and determines the height of the individual.
12. Liver is the largest gland in the human body. It stores extra sugar in blood and releases sugar when it is required by the body. It manufactures urea and secretes bile.
13. Lungs – their main function is to purify blood with the help of inhaled oxygen.
14. Pancreas produces pancreatic juices and insulin which helps in burning carbohydrates. The deficiency of insulin causes diabetes.
15. Spleen – is the blush red organ situated left to the stomach. It is the birth place of WBCs and grave yard for RBCs. During fever and other infections spleen is enlarged and protects body by killing germs.
Blood
1. Blood is a red coloured fluid in the body which consists of RBCs, WBCs and Plasma.
2. Blood helps to maintain the temperature of the body. Removes waste material. Fight germs and carry hormones to the different organs.
3. Total volume of blood in a normal human being is about 5 ltrs. (60-80 ml per Kg)
4. RBCs are produced in Bone Marrow
5. Red compound in RBCs is Hemoglobin
6. Hemoglobin supply oxygen to the different parts of the body.
7. Dead RBCs are stored in spleen
8. Life cycle of RBCs is 120 days.
9. RBCs are also called Erythrocytes
10. Amount of Hemoglobin
11. Man – 14-15.6 g/100 cubic cms of blood
12. Woman 11-14 g/100 cubic cms of blood
13. Function of RBCs is to carry O2 to different limbs of the body
14. WBCs are formed in spleen.
15. Function of WBCs – defence mechanism of the body and protects body from invading bacterial.
16. Neutrophills – prevent attack of invading bacteria
17. Lymphocytes – produces antibodies
18. (Antibody is a substance produced in the blood in response to an Antigen or foreign body like bacteria, virus or toxic etc.
19. Besophils –secrete heparin (anticoagulant) which prevents blood clotting inside body.
20. Blood transfusion means administering blood of the same blood group to the blood stream of another person. Blood is divided into 4 groups ie., A, AB , B & O.
21. The blood in human body is oxygenated and purified in the lungs
22. Human blood was classified by – K. Landsteiner in 1900-02
23. Universal donor is – O
24. Universal acceptor is – AB
25. Rh factor was discovered by – K. Landseiner in 1940
26. Normal blood pressure – 120/80
27. Ratio of WBCs to RBCs in human body is 1 : 500.
28. Impure blood from all parts of the body enter Right auricle in heart.
Bones
1. Total no. of bones in human body – 206
2. Total no. of bones in babies is – 300
3. Largest bone is – Femur or thigh bone
4. Shortest bone is – stapes (in middle ear)
5. How many bones are there is skull – 28 bones
6. How many facial bones are there – 14 bones
7. Total number of muscles in human body – more than 400.
Human Eye
Eye works like a camera. Light waves reflected from the surface of the objects passes through the pupil of the eye and forms an image on the retina. This nervous impulse is sent by optic nerve to the brain. Thus the image is formed and understood.
Defects of Eye
1. Myopia or Short sightedness – In this case eye balls become more convex so the image formed is unable to reach the retina. Such a person cannot see distant objects. It can be corrected by using concave lenses.
2. Hyper metropia or Long sightedness – In this case eye balls become less convex thus the image is formed behind retina. Such a person cannot see near objects. It can be corrected by using convex lenses.
3. Astigmatism – In this case a person cannot see horizontal objects or vertical objects. It can be remedied by using cylindrical lenses.
4. Colour Blindness – When a person is unable to distinguish between colours especially red and green he is colour blind. Colour blindness is caused by the deficiency of Vitamin A. It is a hereditary disease.
5. Son of a colour blind person is likely to be colour blind because sexual inheritance finds easy way in case of males but not necessarily in case of females.
6. Nigh blindness is also hereditary and is caused by deficiency of vitamin A. Person suffering from night blindness cannot see objects clearly at night.
Human diet
1. Proteins – helps to build up tissues of the body and repair of worn out tissues. They are found in egg, meat, floor, rice, milk and more importantly in cheese, soya beans.
2. Fats – help in burning carbohydrates and work as reserve food found in butter, ghee and vegetable oil.
3. Carbohydrates – supply instant energy to the body. Found in potatoes, rice, wheat and sugar.
4. Mineral Salts – are slats of iron, calcium, and sodium. Salts of iron enrich the blood. Iron is found in green vegetables, apple and banyans.
5. Salts of calcium – help in the formation of bones and teeth. Calcium is found in eggs and milk.
6. The term vitamine was given by C. Funk – 1911.
7. Vitamin A – Retinol – is found in milk, butter, ghee, carrot, tomatoes, green vegetables, cord liver oil. Its deficiency causes anemia, night blindness, colour blindness and rickets.
8. Vitamin B – Seeds of roots, plants and yoke of egg. It helps in the growth, appetite and nervous system. Lack of it causes enlargement of liver and beri beri.
9. Vitamin B2 – Riboflavin – Milk, peas, beans, yeast, meat, egg and green vegetables.
10. Vitamin B5 – Niacin – Meat, fish, potato, whole grain, tomato, groundnut & green vegetables.
11. Vitamin B12 – meat, liver, milk.
12. Pholic Acid – Green Vegetables, sprouted pulses.
13. Vitamin C – Ascorbic Acid - Juicy fruits like oranges, lemon, tomato, cabbage, onions, amla and green vegetables. Lack of it causes defective bones, teeth and scurvy.
14. Vitamin D – Caleiferol - Found in milk, butter, cord liver oil and most importantly in sun rays. Lack of it causes Rickets.
15. Vitamin E – Tocopherol - Found in wheat, green vegetables, butter etc. lack of it causes Sterility.
16. Vitamin K – Synthesized by our body.
17. Water soluble vitamins are B-complex & vitamin C.
18. Fat soluble vitamins are vitamin A, D & K.
Human Diseases
Viral Disease
1. Viral – Rabies or hydrophobia is caused by rabies virus and its mode of transmission is bite of mad dog, monkey etc.
2. Small pox – is caused by Veriola Virus. Spreads by direct contact and also indirectly by injected articles.
3. Chickenpox – veressala virus. Spreads by direct contact and also indirectly by injected articles.
4. Dengu – Bite of Andes Mosquitoes.
5. Polio – Housefly and contaminated water.
6. AIDS – caused by HIV Virus. Caused by Blood transfusion, using infected needles, unsafe sex.
7. Hepatitis – Jaundice caused by Water.
Bacterial Disease - Diphtheria, phenomena, plague, TB
8. Malaria – caused by the bite of infected female anopheles mosquitoes.
Sl. No. Name of the Disease Effected part of the Body
1. Catarac Eyes
2. Dyptheria Throat
3. Jaundice Liver
4. Phenomia Lungs
5. TB Lungs, intestine
6. Tracuma Eyes
7. Diabeties Pancreas
8. Pyria Gums and Teeth
9. Manengitis Spinal cord and brian
10. Arthritis Joints and bones
11. Conjectivitis Eyes
12. AIDS Immunity system
13. Hippititus Liver
14. Aphasia Memory
1. Normal heart beat is 70 – 72/Min. in males 78-82/Min. in females
2. Largest gland in the human body is – Liver
3. Master gland is – Pituitary gland
4. Bile is stored in – Gall Bladder
5. Carbohydrates are stored in – Liver
6. What is the function of kidneys – to filter nitrogenous waste of the body from the blood and throw them out as urine.
7. Weight of the brain – 1.4 kg (male) 1.3 kg(female) – 3% of the body weight.
8. The largest part of the rain is – Cerebrum
9. Food is mainly digested in – small intestine
10. Gastric juices contain HCL (Hydrochloric acid) Acid.
11. Bile is stored in – Gall Bladder
12. Insulin is secreted by – Pancreas
13. Oestrogen is secreted by – Ovary
14. Testosterone is secreted by – testes
15. How many chromosomes are there – 46 (23 pairs)
16. Green colour of the leaves is due to the presence of chlorophyll.
17. Common cold is caused by – Rhinovirus.
18. What is the function of Kidney – Excretion of urine.
19. Hear burn refers to an uneasy sensation in stomach.
20. During day time plants absorb Co2
21. The genetic information is stored in – DNA
22. The main organ for digestion and absorption of food is – small intestine
23. Yellow fever is a viral disease transmitted by – Andes.
24. Proteins are mainly required for regeneration of cells
25. Strips on the back of animals are indicative of matching of skin colour with surroundings.
26. We feel drowsy after a heavy meal because brain receives less oxygen as blood rushes to supply oxygen and metrition to the contracting stomach and intestine
27. The hormone responsible for the secretion of milk in mothers is lactogenic hormone.
28. Which disease is known as ‘silent killer’ – Blood Pressure
29. Dialysis is used for a patent suffering form kidney trouble.
30. Elisa Test is done to detect the presence of HIV Virus.
31. Western Blot Testis the confirmation test of AIDS
32. Pulse reading is taken to find out heart beat
33. Typhoid is immunized by triple antigen.
34. Liver stores glucose as glycogen.
35. Test tube baby means fertilization of ovum takes place in the test tube and develops in uterus.
36. What is Leclamche Cell? – A modified form of simple voltaic cell, used zinc and carbon as electrodes, a saturated solution of ammonium chloride as electrolyte and manganese oxide as depolasiser.
37. Chromosomes not relating to sexual inheritance are called autozomes.
38. Heredity is controlled by jeans which is a segment of RNA and DNA
39. Egg laying mammal is - Spinster Ant Eater
40. Largest mammal is – Blue Whale
41. Ostomalisia is caused by deficiency of Vitamin D.
42. Types of Cells in Human body which form the function of transport of gasses is Erythrocytes.
43. Chemical name of Riboflavin – Vitamin B.
44. Latest development in Genetic Engineering is Gene Splicing.
45. Lymphocytes helps in formation of antibodies.
46. Ribosomes are related to protein synthesise.
47. Leukemia disease affects the blood cells in human body.
48. Iron is present in human body in the form of compound.
49. Gland which secretes hormones – Endocrine Gland.
50. Antibodies are administered to stimulate the production of antibodies.
51. Temperature regulatory function or thermostat in the human body is located in the Hypothalamus.
52. Plants that grow in saline soil is called Halophytes.
53. Tissue responsible for passage of water in plants in Xylem.
54. Histamine constricts or dilates the walls of blood vessels in the body.
55. Function of production of fibers and matrix in the body is performed by Fibroblasts.
56. Calcium and Phosphorus are essential for strong bones and teeth.
57. Test for testing Typhoid – Vidal test.
58. In our body tissues are bathed in Lymph.
59. Bacteriophage is a virus that attack bacteria.
Chemistry and Physics
1. The gas used in the artificial ripening of the fruits is – Acetylene.
2. Carburetor is used in an automobile to supply the mixture of petrol and air.
3. Gas responsible for Bhopal Gas Tragedy was Methyl Isocyanides.
4. The company responsible for Bhopal Gas Tragedy was Union Carbide Corporation of USA.
5. All acids contain the element Hydrogen
6. ‘IC’ chips for computers are made of Silicon.
7. ‘X’ rays are electromagnetic rays they are produced when electrons are stopped suddenly.
8. A vacuums tube that contains a filament, a grid and a plate is called a triode.
9. Picture tube of TVs etc. is cathode ray tube.
10. TV picture tube generally use electron guns of three primary colour red, blue and green.
11. Emission of electrons from a material by incident radiation is called photoelectric effect.
12. Coating of iron with zinc is called Galvanization.
13. The emission of an alpha-particle from a radioactive element decreases its mass no.
14. Radio carbon dating is a technique to estimate the age of fossils.
15. Beta rays are rays of high speed electrons.
16. Agents responsible for acid rain are so2 & No2.
17. The sensation of colour is due to wavelength of the light.
18. A blotting paper and a towel work by capillary action.
19. Soap is used in washing because it lowers the surface tension of liquids (Water).
20. Fastest growing tree is Eucalyptus.
21. Feeding of milk cattle with cotton seeds increase fat content temporarily
22. The two branches of a plant give two different fruits – tomatoes and brinjals by grafting one with the other.
23. Theory of Darwin – Survival of the fittest and struggle of existence.
24. Decomposition of organic material is due to Bacteria.
25. Beans helps in nitrogen fixation of the soil.
26. Cow which gives maximum milk yield – Jersey.
27. Plants manufacture carbohydrates (glucose or food) from CO2 and H2O in the presence of sunlight. In the process it liberates O2.
28. Hardest metal – Tungsten
29. LSD – is a narcotic drug viz. Lysergic Acid Diethylamide.
30. Why a beam of light passing through a prison produces a spectrum – Spectrum is formed on account to dispersion of light . The seven different colours viz. Violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange and red have different angles of deviation.
31. What is hibernation – It is the winter sleep of frogs etc. In this dormant state they do not need much food.
32. The main harmful drug in tobacco is – Nicotine.
33. Ores of Bauxite is – Aluminum (Al2O3H2O2) Cryolite (Na3AlF6) Corndum (Al2O3)
34. How is milk pasteurized – By heating it to a temperature of 62oC (143oF) for half an hour. The treatment kill all bacteria which cause milk to go sour and all bacteria which are harmful eg. T.B.
35. Which mirror is used as torch light reflector – Concave.
36. The material used for blue coloured glass is added with cobalt oxide.
37. Liquid oxygen boils at –183o C.
38. Oxygen can be manufactured by evaporation of liquid air.
39. Ozone gas is more soluble in water than the oxygen
40. What is inertia – Everybody has a tendency to continue in its state of rest or of uniform motion. This inherent property of all matters is called inertia.
41. WLL – Wireless in Local Looping Technology.
42. Oil can be converted into fat by the process of hydrogenation.
43. Age of a tree is determined by counting the number of rings in its trunk.
44. Addition of Sodium Chloride to the food helps maintain the normal acid based balance of the body.
45. X-Rays are Electro magnetic radiations similar to light but of shorter wavelength.
46. Radio active isotope of hydrogen is called Deuterium.
47. Acids react with metals and hydrogen gas is released.
48. Electrons with (-) charge has – no mass
49. Protons with (+) charge has – 1 A.M.U. (Atomic Mass Unit)
50. Neutrons with (no charge) has – 1 A.M.U.
51. In Atom number of Protons = number of electrons.
52. Number of Protons is known as Atomic number.
53. Protons + Neutrons is known as Mass Number.
54. Beta Rays are high speed electrons.
55. Radio carbon dating technique is used to determine the age of fossils.
56. The emission of Beta particles increased the atomic no. by 1.
57. A very high frequency wave originating in the nucleolus of atom and traveling with the speed of light is the Gamma Rays.
58. Radio active sodium is used to detect leaks in water mains.
59. X-rays are produced when electrons are suddenly stopped.
60. Gingko and Cycas are examples of living fossils.
61. Chromosome number in a bacteria is 1.
62. Bacteria E coil is readily found in human intestine.
63. A bottle cork is chemically analyised found that it contain mainly carbohydrates.
64. Coriolis forces are produced by rotation of earth.
65. Potassium Permanganate is an oxidizing agent.
66. Hydroponics is the science of cultivating plants without soil.
67. A substance that changes into vapors without heating is called volatile.
68. Pearls are formed inside mollusks.
69. Temperature of air increases with height in Stratosphere.
70. Nitrogen is utilized by plants as nitrates.
71. Escape velocity is defined as the velocity with which a body has to be projected vertically upwards from the Earth’s surface so that it escapes and overcomes the earth’s gravitational field altogether.
72. Escape Velocity is 11.2 Km/Sec.
73. Kinetic energy of a moving body is defined as its ability to do work by virtue of its motion.
74. Potential energy – a body is said to have potential energy if by virtue of its position or state it is able to do work.
75. Speed of sound in air is 300 mts./Sec.
76. Speed of sound in water is 1400 mts./sec.
77. Speed of sound in solid is 5000 mts/sec.
78. Light waves are transverse waves whereas sound waves are longitudinal waves.
79. Feron oxide is coated on the tape of a tape recorder.
80. Communication satellites are placed in Ionosphere.
81. Horology is the science of measuring time and construction of time pieces.
82. Science of silk worm breeding is known as Sericulture.
83. D2O Deuterium (Heavy Water) is used as coolant in Nuclear Reactors.
84. Mercury and Bromine are two metals liquid at room temperature.
85. Fission – breaking up of a bigger nucleolus into smaller nuclei.
86. Fussion – combining of two smaller atoms to form a bigger nuclei.
Water
87. Pure waster is generally not found in nature. Rain water is the purest form of water. During its fall it dissolves carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, dust particles etc.
88. The expansion of water on freezing has various important consequences. The water that makes its way between cracks of rocks expands as freezing exerts great pressure on rocks leading to its pigmentation or denudation. In hill areas or sub-zero temperature water supply lines burst on account of freezing of water.
89. Since the ice that forms on a body of water like a river or pond is lighter than water that has not yet been frozen. It stays at the surface instead of sinking to the bottom. Thus the surface ice insulates the liquid water underneath it from the effects of freezing temperatures. In this way aquatic plants and animal life can survive in freezing temperature.
90. The specific heat of a substance is the hear required to raise the temperature of a gram of the substance by 10 C.
91. The specific heat of water is higher than that of other substances because a large amount of heat is required to break the hydrogen bond. Thus water can absorb a lot of heat with relatively little change in temperature i.e., why it is used in the cooling systems of vehicles.
92. Heavy Water or D2O is used as a coolant or a moderator in nuclear reactors. A certain amount of heat is required to change 1 grm of liquid into gas without average change in temperature. This is known as the latent heat or the heat of vaporization. Thus steam has more heat than water at the same temperature.
93. In case of water heat of vaporization is 539.6 calories per gram.
94. A sample of water containing soluble salts of calcium, magnesium and iron does not form leather with soap is called Hard water. Hardness of water is of 2 types.
95. Temporary Hardness – caused by the bicarbonates of magnesium and calcium. This type of hardness can be removed by boiling or by putting chemicals that is Clark’s Method.
96. Permanent Hardness of water is caused by the presence of sulphate chloride and nitrates of calcium and magnesium. It can be removed by adding chemicals like washing soda i.e., ion exchange method and by putting Zeolite.
97. Soaps are sodium salts of fatty acids.
98. Battery – is an electrical device that generates electrical current by converting chemical energy into electric energy. The essential components are positive and negative electrodes which should be of electrically conductive material, a separating medium and an electrolyte. There are 4 major types of batteries.
99. Primary batteries or Dry Cells – In this Zinc is the negative plate or alode and graphite acts as positive plate or anode with ammonium chloride as electrolyte. These are not reversible.
100. Secondary or storage batteries – In such batteries, lead sponge is the negative plate and lead oxide is the positive plate with sulfuric acid as electrolyte. These are reversible and can be recharged.
101. Fuel Cells – are super batteries in which solid electrolytes of lithium, titanium dioxide or titanium nitrates are used.
102. Solar batteries – Produce energy from the sun light.
General Science
103. Why does a ship rise as it enters the sea from a river – Sea water is denser than river water. Thus the upward thrust produced by the sea water on the ship is greater as compared to the river water.
104. How does a submarine float and sinks as desired – The submarine has a chamber in which water can be filled in or pumped out as required. That make it sink when water is filled in and to float water is pumped out.
105. Why the moisture gathers on outside of glass tumbler contain cold water – Because water vapors present in the air get cooled and appear as droplets of water on coming in contract with the cold surface of the glass tumbler.
106. Why does a thermometer kept in boiling water show no change of temp even when the water is continuously heated. – A liquid boils at a particular temp. and after that it will convert into vapors. Once the liquid starts boiling the thermometer reading remains constant because there is no further increase in temp.
107. In a vacuum flask, silvering reduces the loss of heat by radiation, vacuum reduces the loss of heat by conduction or convection
108. Which reading on both Centigrade and Fahrenheit thermometer is same - -40o C
109. Why does a body immunized in water weighs less – due to the upward thrust of water.
110. What keeps the glider up in the air – The upward thrust of air.
111. What controls the direction of the aircraft – tail unit of the craft.
112. Why motorists use convex mirror – its focal length is long so it gives a wider field of view. It gives virtual, erect and diminished image.
113. How is it that a needle sinks in water but a ship does not – ship displaces water which weighs more than its own weight (Archimedes principle)
114. Water preserved in a porous vessel is cooler, why – loss of heat i.e., latent heat of water in evaporation.
115. How does fish live in river where water is frozen – water has maximum density at 4oC and ice is formed at 0oC. The formation of ice starts at top while under the surface the temp. is 4oC. So fish can live.
116. Why do two eyes give better vision then one – It gives a three dimensional picture.
117. Why is the moon devoid of atmosphere – Moon’s thinness is 10-13 of the earth which causes low gravity. So gases emanating from the surface escape into inter planetary vacuum.
118. Why do clothes keep up warm during winter – Clothes prevent the heat of the body from escaping
119. In high mountain region bleeding through nose occurs because the pressure of blood in capillaries is higher than outsider pressure.
120. What is convection – It is the transfer of heat through a liquid or gas by the actual movement of atoms or molecules.
121. Why does ice float in water but sink in alcohol – Ice has less specific gravity than that of water but more than that of alcohol.
122. The burns produced by steam are deeper than those caused by boiling water as the same temp. why – Steam has more latent heat than what the water has a the same temp.
123. Why do we not feel the movement of the earth – because we are also moving at the same temp.
124. Why is mercury used in thermometers – It is a good conductor of heat and expands uniformally on heating.
125. Why is kerosene poured on stagnant water. – Kerosene being lighter than water, floats over the water and forms a film. It does not allow the air of the atmosphere to enter the water and help the mosquitoes to breed. (stops the supply of O2)
126. How is an electrical current carried from one place to another – It travels by flow of electrons through conductors.
127. A drop of water or mercury on a clean glass plate is circular in shape – why – surface tension in the case of a liquid drop is greater which makes its surface area minimum.(area of a spherical body is minimum.
128. Why does a train stops when chain is pulled – As soon as chain is pulled vacuum breaks and air rushes and brakes are applied.
129. Why does a red flower look red – It absorb all other colours of light except red colour.
130. Why is a compass used as an indicator of direction – The magnetic needle of a compass always lies in N-S direction under the influence of earth’s magnetic field..
131. Why does radio reaction improve after sunset – After sun set there are no ionizing radiations from the sun and so ionosphere which reflects radio wavers becomes more sable. This improves radio reception.
132. Why does the gun kick back when a bullet is fired - \to every action three is an equal and opposite reaction – Newton’s third law of motion.
133. Sun appears red during sunrise and sunset because light rays from the sun have to travel a longer distance since red colour has the longest wave length it is scattered in the atmosphere.
134. Why does a cyclist bend while taking a curved turn – He bends in order to make the centre of gravity remain within the base. This saves him form falling.
135. Why does a coin lying at a the bottom of a tall cylinder full of water seem to be raised. – Rays coming out from the coin bend outward due to refraction.
136. Why do diamonds shine at night – On account to high refractive index, the rays of light get totally internally reflected.
137. Why are we advised to empty our fountain pens before boarding a plane – Atmospheric pressure at higher altitudes is less than the pressure inside the pen so ink flows out due to lower pressure.
138. Why does a man lean forward while climbing a hill – A man leans forward so as to keep him in a stable equilibrium. Leaving increase the base of support so that the vertical line passing through the centre of gravity may fall with its base.
139. If we cross the atmospheric limits of the earth there is no atmosphere and scattering of light does not take place and sky appears black.
140. What is photosynthesis? - is a process in which plants prepare carbohydrates (their food). During day time in the presence of chlorophyll while consuming carbon dioxide and water. During this process they release oxygen. During night time since photosynthesis process stops and respiration continues plants liberate carbon dioxide. So it is not advisable to sleep under a tree at night.
Instruments
1. Instrument used to measure density of milk – Lactometer.
2. Blood Pressure is measured by – Sphygmomanometer.
3. Relative Humidity is measured by – Hygrometer.
4. An instrument used by the captain of a submarine or the commander of a tank to observe above and around them – Periscope.
5. Instrument used to check velocity of wind – Annometer.
6. Study of sound is called Acoustics.
7. Density of liquids – Hydrometer.
8. Sextant – used to measure angular distance between two objects
Units
1. Unit to measure pressure – Pascle.
2. Unit to measure Intensity of light – Gauss.
3. Unit of work is – Jules.
4. Unit for measuring Spectacle lenses is Diopter.
5. Unit of resistance is Ohm.
6. Unit of heat is Calorie.
7. Unit of capacitor is Faraday
इतिहास
Khilji dynasty
1. Khilji Dynasty was founded by Jallaludin Khilji.
2. He was killed by his nephew Allaudin Khilji.
3. Allaudin occupies an honourable place in the history of medicular India.
4. He was the 1st sultan who did allow ULEMA to interfere in state matters.
5. He maintained a large army and needed money for its maintenance.
6. He introduced a new revenue system according to which the cultivated land was measured and revenue fixed on the basis of average yield.
7. He maintained a strict market control so that prices of essential commodities can be checked and the salary of soldiers can be lowered.
8. He patronized Amir Khusro.
9. He extended his empire by winning Gujarat, Jaisalmer, Chittor, Bengal & Kashmir.
10. He was attracted by the beauty of Rani Padmni of Chittor and promised to return if rani is shown to him in mirror.
Tuglak
1. Tughlak Dynast was founded by Giasudin Tuglak.
2. He was succeeded by his own prince Jonakhan who later assumed the title Mohammad-Bin-Tughlak. He was the 1st sultan of Delhi who was tolerant towards Hindus and gave respectable posts to Hindus and Muslims on the basis of merits.
3. He shifted his capital from Delhi to Daultabad/Devegiri in order to have a better control over South but soon realise that this made his Northern frontiers weak and had to return to Delhi.
4. He was an over ambitious king and made very big plans. All of which failed later, therefore, he is know as Mad King.
5. He introduced for the first time the token currency system and issued many new coins.
6. Ibn Batuta, the famous Moroccan traveler visited his court in 1333. He wrote Safarnama.
Lodhi Dynasty
1. It was the last ruling dynast of Delhi.
2. Balilal Lodhi was the founder of this Dynasty.
3. His son Sikandar Lodhi was a good administrator.
4. He shifted his capital from Delhi to a new town which was later called Agra.
5. After Sikander’s death, Ibrahim Lodhi ascended to the throne.
6. Babur defeated him in 1526 in the first battle of Panipat.
Vijay Nagar Empire
1. The founder of this empire were two brothers Hariharan and Bukha Roy who revolted against Mohammad Tuglak in 1336 and founded a new city called Vijaynagar.
2. Hariharn was the first ruler of this Dynasty.
3. Krishan Dev Roy was the most important king of this Dynasty.
4. He spent huge sums of money on the buildings and repair of temples.
5. He died in 1529 and with his death departed the glory of VijayNagar Empire in 1556.
6. The three kingdom of Bijapur, Golconda and Ahmednagar united and defeated the Vijay Nagar Empire in the battle of Talikote 1556.
Chola
1. The Chola kingdom came to prominence in 9th Century AD.
2. Its founder was Vijayala and the greatest ruler was Raj Raja Chole.
3. He constructed large artificial lakes and dams.
4. The Tanjor temple was built by Raj Raje Chola.
5. The main source of income was tax on Land.
6. The cholas are know for their system of Administration in which a village was given full autonomy.
7. They also maintained standing army as well as navy.
Mughal Dynasty.
1. In 1526 in the 1st battle of Panipat Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodhi and established the rule of Mughals.
2. Babur occupied Agra.
3. He died in Agra in 1530.
4. After Babar his son Humayun came to thrown.
5. Mughals have to leave India after the attack of Afghans.
i. Babar
ii. Humayu
iii. Akbar
iv. Jahangir (Salim)
v. Shahjahan (Khuram)
vi. Aurangzeb
Akbar
1. Akbar the son and the successor of Humayun completed the conquest of North India and made Mughal Empire not only the strongest state of India but also one of the best administered state of this time.
2. He was born on 15th October 1542 in Amarkot.
3. He was declared the emperor of Punjab.
4. He appointed Bairam Khan as his wazir and gave him the title of Kane-e-khan.
5. While Akbar was in Punjab Hemu the Wazir of Adil Shah proceeded from Gwalior and captured Delhi and Agra, on the advice of Bairam Khan proceeded towards Delhi and met Hemu in the 2nd battle of Panipat in 1556. Hemu was captured and killed and thus Akbar succeeded in recovering Delhi and Agra.
6. He introduced many important changes in the system of administration.
7. He introduced Mansabdari system and divided his empire into 15 subhas.
8. The governor or the Subedar was responsible for the maintenance of law and order.
9. There were many learned men in the court of Akbar such as Abul Fazal, Birbal, Tansen, Todarmal and so on.
10. Persian was the official language
11. Akbar was the good patron of music and painting.
12. Royal patronage of painter and artist led to the development of new Indian Persian style of art.
13. He followed a liberal policy and showed his faith in all the religions.
14. He started a new religion path Din-A-Ilahi.
15. He was married to daughter of Raja Behanmal.
16. Akbar’s rein was most important in Mughal Dynasty. He was a able king to consolidate the empire and organise it efficiently.
Jhangir
1. On Akbar’s death in 1605 price Salim ascended the throne under the title of Jahangir.
2. In 1611 Jhangir married Nurjahan. She was beautiful and an intelligent woman. She took keen interest in the matter of state.
3. Jahangir fell ill for a long period and during this time, she looked after the affairs of king and she led the empire.
4. She became so powerful that even the coins were issued jointly in the name of Nurjahan and Jahangir.
5. By this time, the English were also getting interested in the possibility of trade with India.
6. It was during Jahangir’s rein that the English king James I sent his ambassador, Sir Thomas Roa to the Court of Agra for permission to set up trade relations and factory of East India Company in 1610.
7. Jahangir died on November 4, 1627 in Lahor on his way back from Kashmir.
8. Jahangir’s mausoleum is at Lahor.
Shah Jahan (1628-66)
1. Prince Khuram succeeded the throne under the title Shah Jahan.
2. Taj Mahal was built by him in the memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal.
3. He used the Peacock throne which was later taken to Iran by Nadir Shah.
4. Shah Jahan built a new city as his capital Shahjahanabad. Today it is a part of Delhi.
5. In 1657, he fell ill and his four sons immediately began fighting among themselves.
6. Aurangzeb won and kept his father as a prisoner at the fort of Agra.
7. When he died in 1666, he was burried along with his wife in Taj Mahal.
8. The rein of Saha Jahan has been called the Golden Period of Mughal Empire.
9. Shah Jahan was very rich. He built Jama Masjid, Lal Kila at Delhi.
Aurangzeb
1. Aurangzeb was formally crowned in Delhi with the title ‘ALAMGIR’ in May 1659.
2. The Emperor needed money for his campaign so he raised the taxes. This made him unpopular.
3. The Marathas under the leadership of Shivaji finally declared independence.
4. As long as Aurangzeb was alive he managed to keep some control on the empire but with his death disintegration of the State started.
5. Aurangzeb died in 1707 at Aurangabad.
Shivaji
1. Shivaji the son of Shahji Bhonsle was born in 1627.
2. He got the title Chatrapati.
3. He fought with Mughals and declare his independence in 1674, with his capital at Raigarh.
4. Shivaji died in 1680.
5. After his death, his son Shambhuji succeeded but was defeated and later killed by Aurangzeb.
6. The Marathas were decisively defeated in the 3rd Battle of Panipat in 1761.
Gazni
1. Mohammad of Gazni ascended to the throne in 998 AD.
2. He attacked India 17 times between the year 1000-1025 AD.
3. His main objective was to plunder the wealth of India.
4. For this purpose he attacked only temple town because temples were large depot of wealth.
5. His last exploit was in 1025 when he destroyed the Somnath temple.
6. He was the patron of famous Persian Poet Firdausi who wrote the epic Shah Nama.
7. He also sent his ambassador AlBeruni to India.
Mohomad Gori
1. Mohammad Gori attacked India with the object of conquering and adding it permanently to his kingdom
2. In 1191 he was defeated by Prithvi Raj Chauhan in 1st Battle of Terain or Thanesar.
3. He defeated Prithvi Raj Chauhan in the 2nd Battle of Terain in 1192.
Slave Dynasty
1. On his death, his commander in chief Kutab-din-Aibek established a new kingdom which was later known as Delhi Sultanat.
2. Kutub-din-Aibik founded the Slave Dynasty. He built two great mosque one at Delhi and other at Ajmer known as Adhai Din ka Jhopda.
3. The famous Qutab Minar was also started by him but was later completed by Iltumish.
4. Iltumish was formally acknowledged the sultan of India in 1216.
5. Iltumish died in 1236 and named Razia beigum his daughter as successor who became the first women ruler of India.
Nadir Shah
1. He was the king of Iran. He invaded India in 1739.
2. The Mughal empire was not in a position to repel and Nadir Shah marched down to Delhi and proclaimed himself the Emperor of Hindustan.
3. He carried away enormous gold, silver and jewels with him.
4. The Peacock throne of Shahajahan and the Kohinoor was taken away by him to Iran.
5. Nadirshah invaded India during the rein of Mohammad Shah.
Sikh Religion
1. The Sikh religion was founded by Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
2. He was born at Talwandi in Western Punjab in 1469, like Kabir he tried to bring Hindus and Muslim together.
3. The 5th Guru Arjun Dev Ji was tortured to death by Jahangir.
4. The 9th Guru Teg Bhadur Ji was killed by Aurangzeb.
5. Guru Teg Bhadur’s son Guru Gobind Singh was born at Patna. He organized Sikhs into a fighting force and fought many battles with Mughals.
6. He stated a new religion path Khalsa on a Basakhi day in 1699 at Anandpur.
7. Guru Granth Sabhib or Adi Granth was compiled by Guru Arjun Dev Ji.
Battle of Plasey
In 1757 Lord Clive leading the British Army inflected defeat on Nawab Srijaudaula the Nawab of Bengal. The larger part of Nawab’s army did not participated in the battle because treachery by Mir Jafar and Rai Durlab. Thus the battle of Plasey laid the foundation of British Empire in India.
Battle of Buxar.
In 1764, the English defeated the Combine forces of Srijaudaula, Mir Jafir and ShahAlam in the Battle of Buxar. This battle made British supreme and they became the real masters of Bengal. Thus, there was dual Govt. in Bengal. Nawab had the responsibility but no powers.
Robert Clive
Robert Clive who had returned to England in 1760 came back as a governor of Bengal in 1756. He secured Diwani rights from Shahalam II covering the areas of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa.
Mysore
1. The state of Mysore came to prominence under the leadership of Haider Ali. His capital was at SriRangapatnam. In the 1st Anglo Mysore was Haider Ali was defeated and was forced to give Diwani Rights to the British.
2. In the 2nd Anglo Mysore was 1780-84 Haider Ali was defeated in 1781 and died in 1782. But his son Tipu Sultan continued the War.
3. In the 3rd Anglo Mysore war 1790-92 Lord Cornwallis forced Tipu Sultan to surrender. He kept half of his territory and two sons as hostages.
4. In the 4th Anglo Mysore War Lord Wellesley defeated and killed Tipu Sultan. He died fighting.
Revolt of 1857
On 28th March, 1857 Mangal Pandey a sepoy of 34th Regiment fired at his Sargent and asked his commanders to revolt against British. He was captured and killed the revolt actually began on 10th may 1857 (Monday) at Meerut. The soldier killed many English officers and civilians. Released the prisoners and march towards Delhi. Delhi was captured by rebellion on 12th May and Bahadur Shah was proclaimed as an emperor of India. The revolt soon covered many parts of Central and North India. In Kanpur, Nanasahib, Tantiatope, Ajim Ulah in Jhansi. Rani Laxmi Bai and at Lucknow, Begum Hasrat Mahal revolted. The civilians also participated in large numbers. The revolt was completed suppressed by the end of 1858. Rani Laxmi Bai died fighting and Bahadur Shah was exiled to Rangoon as a prisoner. The main causes of failure of revolt were:
i. lack of proper leadership
ii. The British had better arms and resources.
iii. Natives rulers and educated Indian class did not participate.
General History
1. The Portuguese were the first among Europeans to establish direct trade links with India.
2. Vascodegama, a Portuguese traveler reached Calicut in 1498 via Cape of Good Hope.
3. The Dutch formed several trading companies by the end of 16th Century.
4. The French trade was established in 1664.
5. In 1600, the British company was granted permission by Queen Elizabeth II to trade with India.
6. The British East India company was set up in 1600.
7. In 1608 the first vessel reached India at Surat.
8. British setup their first factory at Surat in 1612
9. In 1698 a new company was established know as East India Company.
10. In the earlier 18th century they got trading rights in territory of Bengal, Hyderabad, Gujarat etc. from the Mugal Empire Farookh Siyar.
11. Subsidary Alliance system was introduced by Loard Wellesley. Under this system the British made a subsidiary army in the territory of its ally and in turn took a part of his territory.
12. Doctrin of Lapse was introduced by Lord Dalhousie. Under this he assisted the territory of State which did not have a legal heir.
13. Regulating Act was passed by the British Government in 1773. The Governor of Bengal was made Governor General of India Warrenhasting became the 1st Governor General of India.
14. Pitts India Act was passed in 1784 to remove the shortcomings of Regulatory Act for the first time.
15. The Permanent Settlement of Bengal was introduced by Lord Cornwallis in 1793. It was a revenue system which the zamindars were converted into landlords.
Revolt of 1857
The Revolt of 1857 is also know as the first freedom national movement.
1. Political causes – Lord Wellesley’s subsidiary Alliance System succeeded in expanding the East India Company’s dominance through subjugation of Indian States so that they finally lost their independence. In addition many states were annexed by the Britishers under the Doctrine of Lapse introduced by Lord Dalhousie. He also refused to recognize titles of ex-rulers. The imperial Mughal glory suffered at the hands of company rule. In 1849 it was decided that the Mughal successors to Bhadurshah would have to shift from Red Fort to the outskirts of Delhi.
2. Economic Cause – The economic policies of the British in India completely destroyed India’s traditional economic fabric. The country was turned into a colonial economy serving the needs of the rulers mother country. The availability of cheaper machine made goods hit the handicraft sector, which could not compete in foreign markets because of higher import duties. India was forced to export raw materials on the thus domestic industries suffered as they had to purchase raw material at high prices.
3. Administrative Cause – The companies administrative machinery was not only inefficient but also prejudice against the Indian’s. Police and the judicial systems were racist. Indians were denied key positions in civil and military and they were rarely promoted.
4. Military Causes – The Indian sepoys were as displeased with alien rule as the people at large. The sepoys were denied all that they once enjoyed. The Post Office Act of 1854 withdrew even the free postage facility for them. The Indian sepoys considered inferior and treated badly. Could neither get paid properly nor easily avail of promotions.
5. Social and Religious Causes – Social discrimination of the British against the Indians and the missionaries attempted to spread Christianity in India. Convinced the Indian mind that the countries religion and culture would be violated. In social life the British treated the natives as inferiors. Despite being guilty of criminal assault on Indians the whites were acquitted with little punishment. Attempts by the English to end sati, child marriage and infanticide was suspiciously viewed and legislation of widow remarriage and introduction of western education antagonized the traditional Indian society.
Q. What was the immediate cause of the Revolt? Also describe briefly the revolt?
Ans. The Revolt of 1857 which is also considered as the first war of independence against British rule covered a significant area from Punjab in the North to Narmada in the South and from Bihar in the East to Rajputana in the West. However the focal points were Delhi, Kanpur, Lucknow, Baraily, Banaras, Jhansi, Meerut and Arrah.
The hanging of Mangal Pandey a soldier from Baragpur in March 1857 sparked a small revolt.
The immediate provocation was the use of greased cartridges. In May 1857 soldiers of the 3rd native cavalry at Meerut refused to use the Enfield riffle issued by the British. The riffles required to be refilled by biting off the top paper with the mouth. Rumor had it that the cartridge were smeared with cow and pig fat.
Spread of Revolt – The sepoys of Meerut in open rebellion marched to Delhi where the local infantry joined them. Many Britishers were captured some were killed also. At Delhi Bhadur Shah was declared the titular head of the ocuntry.
General Bakt khan from Baraley Regiment Captured Delhi. The revolt at Lucknow was led by Begum Hazrat Mahal of Awadh. At Kanpur Nana Sahib proclaimed himself the peshwan. He was supported by his rebel Lieutenant Tantya Tope and also by Assem Ulha. In Jhansi the revolting troops proclaimed Rani Lakshmi Bai the widow of Ganga Dhar Rao as the ruler. She also received the support from the troops of Sindias of Gwalior.
Q. Describe the causes for failure of revolt of 1857.
Ans. Through the revolt was a brave effort, it was doomed to fail owing to many weaknesses. The Revolt was a localised affair concentrated in portions of North India. Even from this area many rulers and chiefs did not participate. In fact, the educated upper and middle classes were critical of the mutiny.
The British formed a consulted programme to suppress the 1857 mutiny which through patriotic lacked a definite ideology. There was no central leader behind the revolt.
Compared to the superior weaponry and strategy of the British the war fare technique of the sepoys were out moded. The sepoys had a limited number of guns and fought mainly with swords, spears and these like.
Q. What was the impact of the revolt ?
And. The Indian Administration was placed directly under the crown by Government of India Act 1858. The East India Compny no longer required to manage the affairs inIndia, thus ending dualism. As per the act in Britain a Secretary of State for India was to be appointed who would be assisted by 15 member advisory council.
2. Recognising the role of the Indian states in the revolt it was decided ot preserve them as the bulwark of the empire. The Queen’s proclamation promised to discontinue the practice of annexation. The people were assured of religious freedom.
3. As the Indian army had begun the mutiny of 1857 the British made attempts to strengthen the military administration. European troops were increased in number. Most of the Indian artillery units were disbandoned and all effective weapons placed in European hands. All important posts were for the English alone.
4. Another significant decision was to involve Indians in legislation os that the rulers would be acquainted with the feeling and demands and misunderstandings could be avoided.
5. The racila bitterness in the English and the Indians for each other increased. In the policies consciously divide and rule era started.
1. Abul Fazal was a scholar in the court of Akbar.
2. Babar laid the foundation of mughal empire in India.
3. Title of Alamgir Aurangeb.
4. Slogan Do or Die Mahatma Gandhi.
5. Swaraj Party 1923.
6. Ghadar Party Lala Hardayal
7. Birth Place of Buddha Lumbini
8. Alexander died in 323 BC.
9. Original home of Aryans Central Asia.
10. Talwandi – Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
11. Dharamchakra Parivartan when Buddha delivered his first sermon .
12. Shivaji’s council of ministers – Astha Pardhan.
13. Doctrine of Lapse – Lord Dalhousie.
14. Ilbert Billnot adopted because Britishers opposed.
15. Vastest empire Ashoka.
16. Permanent settlement of Bengal Tax Collect.
17. Kirtistambha was built by Rana Kumbha
18. The Railways introduced by – Lord Dulhousie.
19. Ajanta Caves – Gupta
20. Jazia Tax – Tax on Hindu Pilgrimage.
21. Mughal King banned Dance and Music – Aurangjeb.
22. The wisest fool – Mohamad Bin Tuglak.
23. Broadcasting introduced 1927
24. 1st newspaper published – Bengal Gazette (1780)
25. Jallianwala Bagh – 13th April 1919
26. Oldest veda – Rig veda
27. Vascodagama – 1498, Calicut
28. 1st Satya Graha – Champaran
29. 1st establish trade link with India – Portuguees.
30. 1st session of INC – Bombay
31. Demand for Pakistan – 1940.
32. Communal Award – 1923.
33. Arya Samaj – Dayanand Saraswati – 1875.
34. Saka Era – 78 AD.
35. Editor of young India – Mahatma Gandhi.
36. Vande Matram – Anand Math.
37. Sati Pratha abolished – Lord william Bantik.
38. Kautilaya’s Arthashastra is bookon – polities.
39. Costal town of IVC – Lothal Gujrat.
40. Difference between Buddhism & Jainism – Jains believe in Rebirth of soul.
41. Magesthenes – Chandra Gupta maurya.
42. Seprate Electrotes was introduced by the act of Morley Minto Reforms –1909.
43. Swaraj is my Birth right and I shall have it – Bal Gangadhar Tilak.
44. Gandhiji withdrew – Civil disobedence Movement because of Chauri Charua massacre in UP.
45. First month of the saka era – Chaitra.
46. In quilab zindabad – Mohamad Iqbal.
47. Main aim of Swaraj party to enter legislature and cripple from inside.
48. Indian king died fighting with Britishers – Tipu Sultan.
49. 4 math – Shankra charya.
50. Akbar Born at Amar coat, 15.10.1542.
51. Gandhara school of Art – Kanishka.
52. Indian ruler annexed parts of China – Kanishka.
53. 1st Woman president of INC – Annie Besant 1917.
54. Mahatma Gandhi – 2nd October 1869 Porbander in Gujrat.
55. Founder of agra – Sikander Lodhi.
56. Chola Dynesty – Vijayla.
57. Satyamev Jayate – Mundka Upnishad.
58. Court language of Mughals – Persian.
59. Allahbad inscriptions belonged – Scand Gupta
60. Ashoka’s Dama different from Buddha – Ashoka propagated peace and non voilence.
61. Who worked for the spread of Buddhism in Japan – Kind Sotuku.
62. Human images of Buddha started in – Gandhara school of art.
63. Harsh – Kannoj.
64. Seven Pagoda Temple – Mahabalipuran in the region of – Pallavas
65. Nalanda University – Gupta sakraditity
66. Shivaji collected tax – Sardesh Mukhi and Chauth.
67. Changezh Khan attacked dcuring the region of – Iltumuish.,
68. Iron pillar in delhi built by – Chander Gupta I
69. Alai Darwaja - Delhi.
70. High Court established in India – 1861.
71. Burma separated form Indian – 1937.
72. First Regular census in India – 1851.
73. Calcutta to Delhi – 1911.
74. Simla conference – 1972.
75. Lucknow pact was signed between INC and Muslim League.
76. Muslim League was founded by – Aga khan and Mohamad Salim Ullaha.
77. 1st Tirtankara – Rishab Dev.
78. INC adopted 1st session at Lahor 1929.
79. Mugal Experore wrote authbiography – Babar and Jehangir.
80. Gayatri mantar – Rig Veda.
81. 1st woman rular of India – Razia Sultana.
82. Founder of servants society – G.K. Gokhele.
83. Use of Zero – Arya Bhatt.
84. Parliament of religion was held in the year 1893 in Chicago.
85. Go back to veda – Swam I Dayanand Saraswati.
86. Mugal king ruled for shortest period of time – Babar.
87. Book ‘Post Office’ – Ravender Nath Tagor.
88. The Hindu has been derived from the word – River Indus.
89. Ashoka’s inscription has been written in – Prakrit language.
90. Peacock throne – Shahajahan.
91. Home rule league – Annie Besnat.
92. Diwani rights of Bengal, Orissa and bihar was granted to the British in 1965 by Shah Alam II.
93. Incharge of land revenue system during the region of Akbar – Todar Mal.
94. Battle of Plassey – 1757.
95. 1st Governor General of Independent India – Lord Mount Betton.
96. Sare jahan se aacha – Mohamad Iqbal.
97. My experiments with truth – Mahatma Gandhi.
98. The 1st Muslim President of INC was Badrudin Tayabji.
99. G. T. Road – shershah Suri.
100. Guru Gobind Singh Birth place – Patna
101. Founder os Srinagar – Ashoka.
102. Huns invaded India during the region of Guptas.
103. Tricolour of National Flag – 1st January 1930 J. L. Nehru.
104. Grand old man – Dada Bhai Narojee.
105. Voice of India – Dad Bhai Narojee.
106. Kesri Hind Award – 1915 Gandhiji was given the award.
107. Hunger strike in Jain – 1929 by Jatin das.
108. INA – Singapore 1943 S. C. Bose.
109. Sarfroshi Ki tamana – Ram Prasad Bismil
1. Khilji Dynasty was founded by Jallaludin Khilji.
2. He was killed by his nephew Allaudin Khilji.
3. Allaudin occupies an honourable place in the history of medicular India.
4. He was the 1st sultan who did allow ULEMA to interfere in state matters.
5. He maintained a large army and needed money for its maintenance.
6. He introduced a new revenue system according to which the cultivated land was measured and revenue fixed on the basis of average yield.
7. He maintained a strict market control so that prices of essential commodities can be checked and the salary of soldiers can be lowered.
8. He patronized Amir Khusro.
9. He extended his empire by winning Gujarat, Jaisalmer, Chittor, Bengal & Kashmir.
10. He was attracted by the beauty of Rani Padmni of Chittor and promised to return if rani is shown to him in mirror.
Tuglak
1. Tughlak Dynast was founded by Giasudin Tuglak.
2. He was succeeded by his own prince Jonakhan who later assumed the title Mohammad-Bin-Tughlak. He was the 1st sultan of Delhi who was tolerant towards Hindus and gave respectable posts to Hindus and Muslims on the basis of merits.
3. He shifted his capital from Delhi to Daultabad/Devegiri in order to have a better control over South but soon realise that this made his Northern frontiers weak and had to return to Delhi.
4. He was an over ambitious king and made very big plans. All of which failed later, therefore, he is know as Mad King.
5. He introduced for the first time the token currency system and issued many new coins.
6. Ibn Batuta, the famous Moroccan traveler visited his court in 1333. He wrote Safarnama.
Lodhi Dynasty
1. It was the last ruling dynast of Delhi.
2. Balilal Lodhi was the founder of this Dynasty.
3. His son Sikandar Lodhi was a good administrator.
4. He shifted his capital from Delhi to a new town which was later called Agra.
5. After Sikander’s death, Ibrahim Lodhi ascended to the throne.
6. Babur defeated him in 1526 in the first battle of Panipat.
Vijay Nagar Empire
1. The founder of this empire were two brothers Hariharan and Bukha Roy who revolted against Mohammad Tuglak in 1336 and founded a new city called Vijaynagar.
2. Hariharn was the first ruler of this Dynasty.
3. Krishan Dev Roy was the most important king of this Dynasty.
4. He spent huge sums of money on the buildings and repair of temples.
5. He died in 1529 and with his death departed the glory of VijayNagar Empire in 1556.
6. The three kingdom of Bijapur, Golconda and Ahmednagar united and defeated the Vijay Nagar Empire in the battle of Talikote 1556.
Chola
1. The Chola kingdom came to prominence in 9th Century AD.
2. Its founder was Vijayala and the greatest ruler was Raj Raja Chole.
3. He constructed large artificial lakes and dams.
4. The Tanjor temple was built by Raj Raje Chola.
5. The main source of income was tax on Land.
6. The cholas are know for their system of Administration in which a village was given full autonomy.
7. They also maintained standing army as well as navy.
Mughal Dynasty.
1. In 1526 in the 1st battle of Panipat Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodhi and established the rule of Mughals.
2. Babur occupied Agra.
3. He died in Agra in 1530.
4. After Babar his son Humayun came to thrown.
5. Mughals have to leave India after the attack of Afghans.
i. Babar
ii. Humayu
iii. Akbar
iv. Jahangir (Salim)
v. Shahjahan (Khuram)
vi. Aurangzeb
Akbar
1. Akbar the son and the successor of Humayun completed the conquest of North India and made Mughal Empire not only the strongest state of India but also one of the best administered state of this time.
2. He was born on 15th October 1542 in Amarkot.
3. He was declared the emperor of Punjab.
4. He appointed Bairam Khan as his wazir and gave him the title of Kane-e-khan.
5. While Akbar was in Punjab Hemu the Wazir of Adil Shah proceeded from Gwalior and captured Delhi and Agra, on the advice of Bairam Khan proceeded towards Delhi and met Hemu in the 2nd battle of Panipat in 1556. Hemu was captured and killed and thus Akbar succeeded in recovering Delhi and Agra.
6. He introduced many important changes in the system of administration.
7. He introduced Mansabdari system and divided his empire into 15 subhas.
8. The governor or the Subedar was responsible for the maintenance of law and order.
9. There were many learned men in the court of Akbar such as Abul Fazal, Birbal, Tansen, Todarmal and so on.
10. Persian was the official language
11. Akbar was the good patron of music and painting.
12. Royal patronage of painter and artist led to the development of new Indian Persian style of art.
13. He followed a liberal policy and showed his faith in all the religions.
14. He started a new religion path Din-A-Ilahi.
15. He was married to daughter of Raja Behanmal.
16. Akbar’s rein was most important in Mughal Dynasty. He was a able king to consolidate the empire and organise it efficiently.
Jhangir
1. On Akbar’s death in 1605 price Salim ascended the throne under the title of Jahangir.
2. In 1611 Jhangir married Nurjahan. She was beautiful and an intelligent woman. She took keen interest in the matter of state.
3. Jahangir fell ill for a long period and during this time, she looked after the affairs of king and she led the empire.
4. She became so powerful that even the coins were issued jointly in the name of Nurjahan and Jahangir.
5. By this time, the English were also getting interested in the possibility of trade with India.
6. It was during Jahangir’s rein that the English king James I sent his ambassador, Sir Thomas Roa to the Court of Agra for permission to set up trade relations and factory of East India Company in 1610.
7. Jahangir died on November 4, 1627 in Lahor on his way back from Kashmir.
8. Jahangir’s mausoleum is at Lahor.
Shah Jahan (1628-66)
1. Prince Khuram succeeded the throne under the title Shah Jahan.
2. Taj Mahal was built by him in the memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal.
3. He used the Peacock throne which was later taken to Iran by Nadir Shah.
4. Shah Jahan built a new city as his capital Shahjahanabad. Today it is a part of Delhi.
5. In 1657, he fell ill and his four sons immediately began fighting among themselves.
6. Aurangzeb won and kept his father as a prisoner at the fort of Agra.
7. When he died in 1666, he was burried along with his wife in Taj Mahal.
8. The rein of Saha Jahan has been called the Golden Period of Mughal Empire.
9. Shah Jahan was very rich. He built Jama Masjid, Lal Kila at Delhi.
Aurangzeb
1. Aurangzeb was formally crowned in Delhi with the title ‘ALAMGIR’ in May 1659.
2. The Emperor needed money for his campaign so he raised the taxes. This made him unpopular.
3. The Marathas under the leadership of Shivaji finally declared independence.
4. As long as Aurangzeb was alive he managed to keep some control on the empire but with his death disintegration of the State started.
5. Aurangzeb died in 1707 at Aurangabad.
Shivaji
1. Shivaji the son of Shahji Bhonsle was born in 1627.
2. He got the title Chatrapati.
3. He fought with Mughals and declare his independence in 1674, with his capital at Raigarh.
4. Shivaji died in 1680.
5. After his death, his son Shambhuji succeeded but was defeated and later killed by Aurangzeb.
6. The Marathas were decisively defeated in the 3rd Battle of Panipat in 1761.
Gazni
1. Mohammad of Gazni ascended to the throne in 998 AD.
2. He attacked India 17 times between the year 1000-1025 AD.
3. His main objective was to plunder the wealth of India.
4. For this purpose he attacked only temple town because temples were large depot of wealth.
5. His last exploit was in 1025 when he destroyed the Somnath temple.
6. He was the patron of famous Persian Poet Firdausi who wrote the epic Shah Nama.
7. He also sent his ambassador AlBeruni to India.
Mohomad Gori
1. Mohammad Gori attacked India with the object of conquering and adding it permanently to his kingdom
2. In 1191 he was defeated by Prithvi Raj Chauhan in 1st Battle of Terain or Thanesar.
3. He defeated Prithvi Raj Chauhan in the 2nd Battle of Terain in 1192.
Slave Dynasty
1. On his death, his commander in chief Kutab-din-Aibek established a new kingdom which was later known as Delhi Sultanat.
2. Kutub-din-Aibik founded the Slave Dynasty. He built two great mosque one at Delhi and other at Ajmer known as Adhai Din ka Jhopda.
3. The famous Qutab Minar was also started by him but was later completed by Iltumish.
4. Iltumish was formally acknowledged the sultan of India in 1216.
5. Iltumish died in 1236 and named Razia beigum his daughter as successor who became the first women ruler of India.
Nadir Shah
1. He was the king of Iran. He invaded India in 1739.
2. The Mughal empire was not in a position to repel and Nadir Shah marched down to Delhi and proclaimed himself the Emperor of Hindustan.
3. He carried away enormous gold, silver and jewels with him.
4. The Peacock throne of Shahajahan and the Kohinoor was taken away by him to Iran.
5. Nadirshah invaded India during the rein of Mohammad Shah.
Sikh Religion
1. The Sikh religion was founded by Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
2. He was born at Talwandi in Western Punjab in 1469, like Kabir he tried to bring Hindus and Muslim together.
3. The 5th Guru Arjun Dev Ji was tortured to death by Jahangir.
4. The 9th Guru Teg Bhadur Ji was killed by Aurangzeb.
5. Guru Teg Bhadur’s son Guru Gobind Singh was born at Patna. He organized Sikhs into a fighting force and fought many battles with Mughals.
6. He stated a new religion path Khalsa on a Basakhi day in 1699 at Anandpur.
7. Guru Granth Sabhib or Adi Granth was compiled by Guru Arjun Dev Ji.
Battle of Plasey
In 1757 Lord Clive leading the British Army inflected defeat on Nawab Srijaudaula the Nawab of Bengal. The larger part of Nawab’s army did not participated in the battle because treachery by Mir Jafar and Rai Durlab. Thus the battle of Plasey laid the foundation of British Empire in India.
Battle of Buxar.
In 1764, the English defeated the Combine forces of Srijaudaula, Mir Jafir and ShahAlam in the Battle of Buxar. This battle made British supreme and they became the real masters of Bengal. Thus, there was dual Govt. in Bengal. Nawab had the responsibility but no powers.
Robert Clive
Robert Clive who had returned to England in 1760 came back as a governor of Bengal in 1756. He secured Diwani rights from Shahalam II covering the areas of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa.
Mysore
1. The state of Mysore came to prominence under the leadership of Haider Ali. His capital was at SriRangapatnam. In the 1st Anglo Mysore was Haider Ali was defeated and was forced to give Diwani Rights to the British.
2. In the 2nd Anglo Mysore was 1780-84 Haider Ali was defeated in 1781 and died in 1782. But his son Tipu Sultan continued the War.
3. In the 3rd Anglo Mysore war 1790-92 Lord Cornwallis forced Tipu Sultan to surrender. He kept half of his territory and two sons as hostages.
4. In the 4th Anglo Mysore War Lord Wellesley defeated and killed Tipu Sultan. He died fighting.
Revolt of 1857
On 28th March, 1857 Mangal Pandey a sepoy of 34th Regiment fired at his Sargent and asked his commanders to revolt against British. He was captured and killed the revolt actually began on 10th may 1857 (Monday) at Meerut. The soldier killed many English officers and civilians. Released the prisoners and march towards Delhi. Delhi was captured by rebellion on 12th May and Bahadur Shah was proclaimed as an emperor of India. The revolt soon covered many parts of Central and North India. In Kanpur, Nanasahib, Tantiatope, Ajim Ulah in Jhansi. Rani Laxmi Bai and at Lucknow, Begum Hasrat Mahal revolted. The civilians also participated in large numbers. The revolt was completed suppressed by the end of 1858. Rani Laxmi Bai died fighting and Bahadur Shah was exiled to Rangoon as a prisoner. The main causes of failure of revolt were:
i. lack of proper leadership
ii. The British had better arms and resources.
iii. Natives rulers and educated Indian class did not participate.
General History
1. The Portuguese were the first among Europeans to establish direct trade links with India.
2. Vascodegama, a Portuguese traveler reached Calicut in 1498 via Cape of Good Hope.
3. The Dutch formed several trading companies by the end of 16th Century.
4. The French trade was established in 1664.
5. In 1600, the British company was granted permission by Queen Elizabeth II to trade with India.
6. The British East India company was set up in 1600.
7. In 1608 the first vessel reached India at Surat.
8. British setup their first factory at Surat in 1612
9. In 1698 a new company was established know as East India Company.
10. In the earlier 18th century they got trading rights in territory of Bengal, Hyderabad, Gujarat etc. from the Mugal Empire Farookh Siyar.
11. Subsidary Alliance system was introduced by Loard Wellesley. Under this system the British made a subsidiary army in the territory of its ally and in turn took a part of his territory.
12. Doctrin of Lapse was introduced by Lord Dalhousie. Under this he assisted the territory of State which did not have a legal heir.
13. Regulating Act was passed by the British Government in 1773. The Governor of Bengal was made Governor General of India Warrenhasting became the 1st Governor General of India.
14. Pitts India Act was passed in 1784 to remove the shortcomings of Regulatory Act for the first time.
15. The Permanent Settlement of Bengal was introduced by Lord Cornwallis in 1793. It was a revenue system which the zamindars were converted into landlords.
Revolt of 1857
The Revolt of 1857 is also know as the first freedom national movement.
1. Political causes – Lord Wellesley’s subsidiary Alliance System succeeded in expanding the East India Company’s dominance through subjugation of Indian States so that they finally lost their independence. In addition many states were annexed by the Britishers under the Doctrine of Lapse introduced by Lord Dalhousie. He also refused to recognize titles of ex-rulers. The imperial Mughal glory suffered at the hands of company rule. In 1849 it was decided that the Mughal successors to Bhadurshah would have to shift from Red Fort to the outskirts of Delhi.
2. Economic Cause – The economic policies of the British in India completely destroyed India’s traditional economic fabric. The country was turned into a colonial economy serving the needs of the rulers mother country. The availability of cheaper machine made goods hit the handicraft sector, which could not compete in foreign markets because of higher import duties. India was forced to export raw materials on the thus domestic industries suffered as they had to purchase raw material at high prices.
3. Administrative Cause – The companies administrative machinery was not only inefficient but also prejudice against the Indian’s. Police and the judicial systems were racist. Indians were denied key positions in civil and military and they were rarely promoted.
4. Military Causes – The Indian sepoys were as displeased with alien rule as the people at large. The sepoys were denied all that they once enjoyed. The Post Office Act of 1854 withdrew even the free postage facility for them. The Indian sepoys considered inferior and treated badly. Could neither get paid properly nor easily avail of promotions.
5. Social and Religious Causes – Social discrimination of the British against the Indians and the missionaries attempted to spread Christianity in India. Convinced the Indian mind that the countries religion and culture would be violated. In social life the British treated the natives as inferiors. Despite being guilty of criminal assault on Indians the whites were acquitted with little punishment. Attempts by the English to end sati, child marriage and infanticide was suspiciously viewed and legislation of widow remarriage and introduction of western education antagonized the traditional Indian society.
Q. What was the immediate cause of the Revolt? Also describe briefly the revolt?
Ans. The Revolt of 1857 which is also considered as the first war of independence against British rule covered a significant area from Punjab in the North to Narmada in the South and from Bihar in the East to Rajputana in the West. However the focal points were Delhi, Kanpur, Lucknow, Baraily, Banaras, Jhansi, Meerut and Arrah.
The hanging of Mangal Pandey a soldier from Baragpur in March 1857 sparked a small revolt.
The immediate provocation was the use of greased cartridges. In May 1857 soldiers of the 3rd native cavalry at Meerut refused to use the Enfield riffle issued by the British. The riffles required to be refilled by biting off the top paper with the mouth. Rumor had it that the cartridge were smeared with cow and pig fat.
Spread of Revolt – The sepoys of Meerut in open rebellion marched to Delhi where the local infantry joined them. Many Britishers were captured some were killed also. At Delhi Bhadur Shah was declared the titular head of the ocuntry.
General Bakt khan from Baraley Regiment Captured Delhi. The revolt at Lucknow was led by Begum Hazrat Mahal of Awadh. At Kanpur Nana Sahib proclaimed himself the peshwan. He was supported by his rebel Lieutenant Tantya Tope and also by Assem Ulha. In Jhansi the revolting troops proclaimed Rani Lakshmi Bai the widow of Ganga Dhar Rao as the ruler. She also received the support from the troops of Sindias of Gwalior.
Q. Describe the causes for failure of revolt of 1857.
Ans. Through the revolt was a brave effort, it was doomed to fail owing to many weaknesses. The Revolt was a localised affair concentrated in portions of North India. Even from this area many rulers and chiefs did not participate. In fact, the educated upper and middle classes were critical of the mutiny.
The British formed a consulted programme to suppress the 1857 mutiny which through patriotic lacked a definite ideology. There was no central leader behind the revolt.
Compared to the superior weaponry and strategy of the British the war fare technique of the sepoys were out moded. The sepoys had a limited number of guns and fought mainly with swords, spears and these like.
Q. What was the impact of the revolt ?
And. The Indian Administration was placed directly under the crown by Government of India Act 1858. The East India Compny no longer required to manage the affairs inIndia, thus ending dualism. As per the act in Britain a Secretary of State for India was to be appointed who would be assisted by 15 member advisory council.
2. Recognising the role of the Indian states in the revolt it was decided ot preserve them as the bulwark of the empire. The Queen’s proclamation promised to discontinue the practice of annexation. The people were assured of religious freedom.
3. As the Indian army had begun the mutiny of 1857 the British made attempts to strengthen the military administration. European troops were increased in number. Most of the Indian artillery units were disbandoned and all effective weapons placed in European hands. All important posts were for the English alone.
4. Another significant decision was to involve Indians in legislation os that the rulers would be acquainted with the feeling and demands and misunderstandings could be avoided.
5. The racila bitterness in the English and the Indians for each other increased. In the policies consciously divide and rule era started.
1. Abul Fazal was a scholar in the court of Akbar.
2. Babar laid the foundation of mughal empire in India.
3. Title of Alamgir Aurangeb.
4. Slogan Do or Die Mahatma Gandhi.
5. Swaraj Party 1923.
6. Ghadar Party Lala Hardayal
7. Birth Place of Buddha Lumbini
8. Alexander died in 323 BC.
9. Original home of Aryans Central Asia.
10. Talwandi – Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
11. Dharamchakra Parivartan when Buddha delivered his first sermon .
12. Shivaji’s council of ministers – Astha Pardhan.
13. Doctrine of Lapse – Lord Dalhousie.
14. Ilbert Billnot adopted because Britishers opposed.
15. Vastest empire Ashoka.
16. Permanent settlement of Bengal Tax Collect.
17. Kirtistambha was built by Rana Kumbha
18. The Railways introduced by – Lord Dulhousie.
19. Ajanta Caves – Gupta
20. Jazia Tax – Tax on Hindu Pilgrimage.
21. Mughal King banned Dance and Music – Aurangjeb.
22. The wisest fool – Mohamad Bin Tuglak.
23. Broadcasting introduced 1927
24. 1st newspaper published – Bengal Gazette (1780)
25. Jallianwala Bagh – 13th April 1919
26. Oldest veda – Rig veda
27. Vascodagama – 1498, Calicut
28. 1st Satya Graha – Champaran
29. 1st establish trade link with India – Portuguees.
30. 1st session of INC – Bombay
31. Demand for Pakistan – 1940.
32. Communal Award – 1923.
33. Arya Samaj – Dayanand Saraswati – 1875.
34. Saka Era – 78 AD.
35. Editor of young India – Mahatma Gandhi.
36. Vande Matram – Anand Math.
37. Sati Pratha abolished – Lord william Bantik.
38. Kautilaya’s Arthashastra is bookon – polities.
39. Costal town of IVC – Lothal Gujrat.
40. Difference between Buddhism & Jainism – Jains believe in Rebirth of soul.
41. Magesthenes – Chandra Gupta maurya.
42. Seprate Electrotes was introduced by the act of Morley Minto Reforms –1909.
43. Swaraj is my Birth right and I shall have it – Bal Gangadhar Tilak.
44. Gandhiji withdrew – Civil disobedence Movement because of Chauri Charua massacre in UP.
45. First month of the saka era – Chaitra.
46. In quilab zindabad – Mohamad Iqbal.
47. Main aim of Swaraj party to enter legislature and cripple from inside.
48. Indian king died fighting with Britishers – Tipu Sultan.
49. 4 math – Shankra charya.
50. Akbar Born at Amar coat, 15.10.1542.
51. Gandhara school of Art – Kanishka.
52. Indian ruler annexed parts of China – Kanishka.
53. 1st Woman president of INC – Annie Besant 1917.
54. Mahatma Gandhi – 2nd October 1869 Porbander in Gujrat.
55. Founder of agra – Sikander Lodhi.
56. Chola Dynesty – Vijayla.
57. Satyamev Jayate – Mundka Upnishad.
58. Court language of Mughals – Persian.
59. Allahbad inscriptions belonged – Scand Gupta
60. Ashoka’s Dama different from Buddha – Ashoka propagated peace and non voilence.
61. Who worked for the spread of Buddhism in Japan – Kind Sotuku.
62. Human images of Buddha started in – Gandhara school of art.
63. Harsh – Kannoj.
64. Seven Pagoda Temple – Mahabalipuran in the region of – Pallavas
65. Nalanda University – Gupta sakraditity
66. Shivaji collected tax – Sardesh Mukhi and Chauth.
67. Changezh Khan attacked dcuring the region of – Iltumuish.,
68. Iron pillar in delhi built by – Chander Gupta I
69. Alai Darwaja - Delhi.
70. High Court established in India – 1861.
71. Burma separated form Indian – 1937.
72. First Regular census in India – 1851.
73. Calcutta to Delhi – 1911.
74. Simla conference – 1972.
75. Lucknow pact was signed between INC and Muslim League.
76. Muslim League was founded by – Aga khan and Mohamad Salim Ullaha.
77. 1st Tirtankara – Rishab Dev.
78. INC adopted 1st session at Lahor 1929.
79. Mugal Experore wrote authbiography – Babar and Jehangir.
80. Gayatri mantar – Rig Veda.
81. 1st woman rular of India – Razia Sultana.
82. Founder of servants society – G.K. Gokhele.
83. Use of Zero – Arya Bhatt.
84. Parliament of religion was held in the year 1893 in Chicago.
85. Go back to veda – Swam I Dayanand Saraswati.
86. Mugal king ruled for shortest period of time – Babar.
87. Book ‘Post Office’ – Ravender Nath Tagor.
88. The Hindu has been derived from the word – River Indus.
89. Ashoka’s inscription has been written in – Prakrit language.
90. Peacock throne – Shahajahan.
91. Home rule league – Annie Besnat.
92. Diwani rights of Bengal, Orissa and bihar was granted to the British in 1965 by Shah Alam II.
93. Incharge of land revenue system during the region of Akbar – Todar Mal.
94. Battle of Plassey – 1757.
95. 1st Governor General of Independent India – Lord Mount Betton.
96. Sare jahan se aacha – Mohamad Iqbal.
97. My experiments with truth – Mahatma Gandhi.
98. The 1st Muslim President of INC was Badrudin Tayabji.
99. G. T. Road – shershah Suri.
100. Guru Gobind Singh Birth place – Patna
101. Founder os Srinagar – Ashoka.
102. Huns invaded India during the region of Guptas.
103. Tricolour of National Flag – 1st January 1930 J. L. Nehru.
104. Grand old man – Dada Bhai Narojee.
105. Voice of India – Dad Bhai Narojee.
106. Kesri Hind Award – 1915 Gandhiji was given the award.
107. Hunger strike in Jain – 1929 by Jatin das.
108. INA – Singapore 1943 S. C. Bose.
109. Sarfroshi Ki tamana – Ram Prasad Bismil
भूगोल - सामान्य ज्ञान
The Universe
The Universe
The universe is believed to be 50 billion years old. It consist of unimaginary huge space and stars. Stars are not uniformly scattered. They occur in clusters or galaxies.
In the second century B.C. a Greek astronomer Ptolmy declared that all bodies revolves around the earth.
Later on Copernicus gave the theory that the sun is the center of the Universe.
Big Bang theory
It is explained by a Belgium astronomer A.G. Lemeitre.
According to this theory billions of years ago cosmic matters i.e. the universe was in an extremely condensed state. A big explosion broke up the super dense ball and cast its fragments far out into space. It is from these speeding fragments of matter that our galaxy have been formed. The farthest pieces are flying the fastest.
Steady Sate Theory
It is exclaimed by Thoma Gold, Hermanbondi. It is know as the continuous creation theory. It states that as old galaxies move apart new galaxies are being formed from the new matter.
Pulsating Universe Theory
It is advocated by Dr. Alan. This theory states that the universe expand and contracts alternatively between period running into tens of billions of years.
Theory of geocentric universe was given by Ptolemy.
Almegest book was written by Ptolemy.
Stars
Stars are clusters of clouds and gasses. It contracts under its own gravitational force. The gradual shrinking process of the huge ball initially called Protostar, goes on till the fusion reaction begins.
The colour of the stars depend on the temperature of the stars.
Red stars are cooler than white stars.
White stars are cooler than blue stars.
Yellow stars are comparatively hot.
The stars which have consumed 10% of their fuel appears reddish because they grow in size are know as Red Giants.
The light from stars travel through different moving layers in the space with different densities and temperatures. This leads to the twinkling of the stars.
The brightest star in the sky is Sirius or Dog Star.
Distance between Earth and Alpha Century is 4.3 light years.
Parsec is the unit of measuring inter stellar distances. 1 Parsec = 3.26 light years.
All stars rises in the East and sets in the West.
Nebulae is the cloud of rarely found gasses which exists between stars and glows with the light of stars.
Initial stage of star is known as Protostar
Quaras are quasi stellar bodies emitting radio signals.
Black Hole or Neutron Stars
It is a type of star whose density is very high. Because of this high density its gravitational pull become so excessive that even the light rays can’t escape from it. Thus it can’t be seen by an optical telescope.
Supernovae – Are violent explosions of massive stars in which all but he inner core of the star is blown off. It leaves behind black holes or neutron stars.
Black holes are detected by Radio telescope.
Galaxies
Galaxies are giant clusters of stars. There are three types of galaxies.
i. Elliptical Shaped Galaxy - consist of older stars.
ii. Spiral Shaped Galaxy - consist of bright and young stars
iii. Irregular shape galaxy
Almost 75% of the galaxies are spiral shaped, 20% are elliptical and 5% are irregular shaped.
The galaxy of which our solar system is a part is known as Milky Way. It is a spiral shaped galaxy.
The nearest galaxy outside milky way is Megelton.
Another well known galaxy is Andromeda.
Milky way is a cluster of 150 billion stars. It is thicker in the middle and thins out at the edges. The sun which belongs to this galaxy is situated towards the North of central plain. All the stars in the milky way revolve around a centre. The galaxy is not uniformally bright.
Nearest galaxies to earth are Larch, Maglanic clouds & Small Maglenic Clouds.
Constellation
Is a closed group of stars which resemble the shape of an animal or human. Ursa Major, Great Bear, Orien etc. are constellations.
There are 88 constellations.
Orion, Great Bear, Pleides constellation of stars are seen during winter.
Scorpio is seen during summers.
Pole Star is the part of Ursa Major constellation.
Comets
Comets are luminous bodies with a tail moving round the sun in elliptical or parabolic path.
Elliptical comets are periodic while parabolic appears only once.
The tail is made up of gasses and dust. It develops when comet approach the sun and recedes when the comet moves away from the sun.
This tail always points away from the sun because of the repulsive force of the sun’s radiation.
Haley Comet appears after 76 years. It was first seen in 467 B.C. It was last seen in 1986.
Sun
Is a fixed type of star.
It is the centre of the solar system.
It is made up of extremely hot gasses mainly Hydrogen and Helium.
Energy is produced in the sun by the process of nuclear fission.
The stars closest of our solar system is known as Alfa Century or Proxima Century.
The sun is moving at a speed of 250 km/sec.
Sun takes about 250 years to complete one revolution round its centre. The period is called Cosmic Year.
Sun completes one rotation in 25 days 9 hrs and 4 mins.
It takes 8.3 mins. for the light to reach from sun to earth.
The glowing surface of sun is called Photosphere.
Above the photosphere is Chromospheres.
The outer most portion is called Corona, which is visible only during eclipse.
The visible light of the sun is made up of 7 colours VIBGYOR.
Sun light also contain Ultra Violet Rays and Infra Red Rays.
Ultra Violet rays have wave length shorter than the visible spectrum of VIBGYOR.
U.V. Rays are harmful for human beings and can cause skin cancer.
U.V. Rays are mostly absorbed by Ozone Layer present in the upper atmosphere.
The rays having larger frequency visible spectrum are known as Infra Red Rays. These rays are hot and are responsible for the heating effect.
The average distance between the earth and the sun is 149 million Kms.
The maximum distance being 152 Kms called Aphelion - 4th July
The minimum distance 147 Kms know as Perihelion -5th January.
Sun spots
At certain point on the sun’s surface the temperature is 4500 degree. These are the points from where extremely hot gasses escape in to the space. They work as the safety value of the sun.
Sun spots were discovered first of all by Galileo.
These spots have intense magnetic field.
The number of spots vary from year to year with a periodic cycle of 11 years.
This periodicity is known as sun spot cycle.
The expected life of the sun is 10 billion years.
Asteroids are small planets moving between orbits of Mass and Jupiter in a belt. Largest asteroid is Ceres.
Meteoroids are small bodies of mass which become luminous by friction on entering earth’s atmosphere they are popularly known as shooting stars.
Solar System
The solar system consist of Sun, Asteroids, 9 Planets & 32 Satellite.
Mercury - Closet to sun, smallest planet, No satellite, weak magnetic field, fastest moving, completes one revolution in 88 days.
Venus - closest to the earth, known as sister planet of the earth because of the similarity in physical fabric of the planet. It is the brightest, hottest planet known as morning star or evening star. It rotates in a clock wise direction. That is from east to west which is contrary to the motion of most other planets. Venus is named after the Roman Goddess of beauty.
Venus has an atmosphere in which carbon dioxide gas is found in plenty. This Co2 gas causes the green house effect & accumulates heats on Venus. Therefore Venus is the hottest planet.
Venus increases and decreases like Moon in size.
Mars – also known as planet with red spots. Known as world of valleys and volcanoes. It has two satellites Phobos (fear) and Deimos (terror). It has polar ice caps like earth. Its axis is tilted.
Jupiter – is the largest planet in the solar system. It is 11 times larger than the earth. It has 16 satellites. Ganymede, one of its satellite is the largest satellite in our solar system. Recently shoe-maker levy- 9 comet collided with it.
Saturn – is the 2nd largest planet known for its cosmos rings, magnetic fields, 23 satellites which is the maximum no of satellite any planet has. It is the slowest moving planet & completes one revolution in 30 years. Discovered by Galileo. Its biggest satellite is known as Titan.
Uranus - is not visible to naked eyes and was the first planet to be discovered telescopically by William Hershel in 1781. Like Venus it also rotates clock wise and has 15 satellites.
Neptune – It was discovered by J.G. Galle in 1846. It completes one rotation in 165 years because of inter-section of its orbit with that of Pluto it became the farthest planet for a temporary period of 20 years. Completes one revolution in 165 years has 8 satellites.
Pluto – is the smallest, coldest planet which will also become farthest in March 1999. It has 1 satellite. It is named after roman god of Underworld.
The four inner most planet in the Solar system namely Mercury, Venus, Earth & mars are known as terrestrial planets. Because they have a compact rocky surface like the earth.
Four other planets name Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus & Neptune are known as Jovian Planets as they have similarity with Jupiter.
Hallos
Are beautiful rings of colored light around sun & moon. They are caused by the reflection of light by ice crystals in the atmosphere.
Earth
Earth is the 3rd planet placed between Venus & Mars.
The shape of the earth is Oblate Spheroid, i.e., it bulges out at the equator and it flattened at the poles.
The reason for flattening the pole is that the rotation of earth develops outward a centrifugal force which is maximum at the equator.
The equatorial diameter – 12756 kms.
The Polar diameter - 12714 kms.
Circumference - 510,100,570 kms.
The speed of revolution is 107220 kms.
Geoid is the theoretical shape of the earth ignoring its surface irregularities.
Earth rotates from West to East in anti clock wise direction. It completes one rotation in 24 hrs w.r.t. sun. – This time period is known as SOLAR DAY.
Earth completes one rotation w.r.t. any fixed star in 23 hrs 56 mins 4 sec. This time period is known as SIDERIAL DAY.
Simultaneous with the rotation, the earth also moves round the sun known as Revolution.
Earth completes one revolution in 365 days 5 hrs 48 mins and 45 secs.
Earth revolves around the sun in a fixed path which is elliptical in shape and is known as ORBIT.
70% of the total surface area of the earth is covered with water called as Hydrosphere.
29% of the area is land portion and is known as Lithosphere.
The average thickness of Lithosphere is 60 Km.
The crust layers comprises of rocks, rich in Silicon and Aluminium – SIAL
Below SIAL lies MENTAL upto a depth of 2900 kms it consists of SIMA i.e. Silicon and Magnesium.
The core of the earth consist of metal in liquid form. It has a radius of 3400 Km. As Nickel and Iron are dominant in the core called NIFE.
NIFE accounts for the magnetism of the earth.
Six most abundant elements in the crust are
Oxygen 49.8%, Calcium & Sodium in smaller quantities.
Silicon 26.03%
Iron 4.12 %
ROTATION
Days and Nights are formed as a result of the rotation of the Earth. Another important effect of rotation is that winds and currents change their direction. They turn towards right in Northern Hemisphere and towards Left in Southern hemisphere. This law is given by Ferrel so it is known as Ferrel’s Law.
Change of seasons occur because of revolution of the Earth.
INCLINATION
The two hemisphere experiences summer when they are in the front of sun and winter when they are away from the sun.
The axis of the earth is an imaginary line passing through the centre of the earth.
The axis of the earth always points in the one direction in the space.
Earth spins round its axis which remain inclined at an angle of 661/2o to the plane of its orbit.
The ends of the axis are called poles one is North Pole and other South Pole.
Summers are hotter because summer days are longer than night. During day time earth absorbs heat from the sun and during night it radiates heat. Since days are longer the earth absorbs more heat and is able to radiate less heat. Heat accumulates and makes summer hotter.
Tropics are the turning points from where the sun starts reverse journey. 231/2o North of equator is known as Tropic of Cancer and 231/2o south is known as Tropic of Capricorn.
SOLSTICE
Is a date when sun shines over any tropic.
Sun shines vertically over Tropic of Capricorn on 22nd December – it lies in Southern hemisphere, as a result there is summer solstice in the southern hemisphere and winter solstice in Northern Hemisphere.
Sun shines vertically over Tropic of Cancer on 21st June – it lies in Northern hemisphere, as a result there is summer solstice in the northern hemisphere and winter solstice in Southern Hemisphere.
Equator represent imaginary line passing round the earth midway between north and south pole. It thus divide the earth in two equal halves i.e., Northern hemisphere and southern hemisphere.
Latitude is the angular distance from equator. They are the parallel liens to the equator. The latitude of equator and as we move towards poles the latitude rises. It is maximum i.e. 90o
Arctic Circle is the circle drawn at 231/2o North Pole.
Antarctic Circle is the circle drawn at 231/2o South Pole.
Meridians are imaginary lines drawn on the global map connecting the two poles. There are 360 meridians in all. For the sake of convenience the meridians passing through Greenwich is known as Prime Meridian. The distance between two successive meridian is 111 Kms and there is a time difference of 4 minutes.
Longitudes are equidistant lines drawn east to west of Greenwich meridian. They denote angular distances of a place east or west of the Prime meridian.
Torrid Zone – Tropic zone : The area between 231/2o North and South of equator ie. Between the poles the tropic of Cancer and tropic of Capricorn. This is the hottest zone since the rays of sun are nearly perpendicular than in any other zone.
Frigid zone : The area between the North pole and Arctic circle is known as North frigid zone and between South pole and Antarctic Circle is known as South Frigid Zone.
Temperate Zone : lies between 661/2o from poles. The region between tropic of Cancer and Arctic circle is known as North Temperate Zone.
The places within the Arctic circle and Antarctic circle remain in light for some period during their respective summer. There is a day of 24 hrs. This phenomenon can be seen at places on North and South pole. The places from where this phenomenon can be seen include Norway, North Russia, Greenland etc.
EQUINOX
Is the position when sun rays falls vertically over equator making the duration of days and nights equal through out the globe.
21st & 22nd March, which is know as Spring Equinox.
22nd and 23rd September called Autumn Equinox.
Eclipses
Lunar Eclipse
The earth rotates round the sun and the moon (a natural satellite of the earth) moves round it. Many times the earth comes between sun and moon. Since all bodies in the solar system take light and heat from the sun. Earth causes its shadow on the moon. This is known as Lunar Eclipse.
As the earth the moon and the sun are in the same plane the lunar eclipse occur only on a full moon day.
Solar eclipse
When moon comes between the sun and earth, it causes its shadow on the earth known as Solar eclipse. It happens only on a new moon day.
Tides
Is the periodic rise and fall of sea water. The rise and fall occur alternatively twice a day. The tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and the sun on earth’s surface including the sea water. When moon and earth revolves around each other a centrifugal force is produced. Tides are caused twice a day.
Spring Tide
When sun and moon are in the same line they pull earth gravitationally in the same direction. The combined pull causes a high tide known as Spring Tide.
Neap Tides
When sun and moon are at right angle the gravitational pull is exerted in a opposite direction and tide’s caused are low. There are called Neap Tides.
Uses of tides
No delta is formed at the mouth of the river they remain navigable.
Sea water does not freeze .
Sea level do not rise
Tides carry away the mud brought by the rivers.
Winds having as speed between 56 & 72 kms is known as gale.
Winds having a speed of 72 to 112 kms are known as Storm
Rift valley is a long & Narrow valley formed by sinking of a portion of the earth.
A vast accumulation of ice which moves slowly till it melts and forms a river is known as Glaciers.
Ice Berg is a large mass of ice which is detached from Glacier & keeps floating in the sea.
Geyser is a fountain of hot water issuing from a hole which extend deep into the earth crust. It also contains minerals.
The local time of the place is 12.00 noon when sun shines vertically overhead. It varies from GMT @ of 4 mins for 1o change in longitude.
Greenwich Mean time (GMT/World Time) is U.K’s standard time. It is based on the local time of the Prime Meridian.
Standard time is the local time of a place used through out the country.
Indian Standard Time is local time of the place near Allahabad (Mirzapur) situated at 881/2o East longitude.
Lines
COUNTOUR LINE : are lines joining places of equal heights above the sea level on a map.
ISOTHERMS : are lines connecting places of equal temperature.
ISOHELS : are lines connecting places of equal sunshine.
ISOLATES : are lines joining places of equal rainfall.
ISOHALINES : are lines joining places of equal sea salinity.
International date line : 180o meridian is called as International date line. When ships cross this line while going towards east they add a day and while going towards west they omit one day i.e. count the same date again.
Durand Lind : boundary line between India and Afghanistan.
Mc Mohan Line : boundary line between India and China.
Red Cliff Line : boundary line between India and Pakistan.
Snow Line : Is the line beyond which snow never melt. It varies according to altitude.
17th parallel line between India & Pakistan has claimed by Pakistan
Instruments
Hygrometer – used to measure Relative Humidity.
Hydrometer – used to measure density of milk.
Barometer – used to measure atmospheric pressure.
Seismograph – used to measure earthquake.
Rocks
Igneous rocks – are formed by the cooling of Molten lava or magma. They are also known as primary rocks almost 95% of the earth crust is made up of Igneous rocks. Eg. Granite, Basalt, Quartz.
Sedimentary rocks – are formed by material which has accumulated as a result of various process such as deposited by river, wind etc. Eg. Chalk & Lime stone.
Metamorphic rocks – are formed from Igneous rocks or sedimentary rock by heat pressure or action of water. Eg. Limestone is converted in marble, sandstone is converted into quartzite etc.
Weathering: is breaking up or disintegration of rocks in situ. Chief agents are temperature, air pressure, rain etc.
Rift Valley is a long and narrow valley formed by sinking of a portion of the earth.
Glaciers is a vast accumulation of ice which moves slowly till it melts and forms a river.
Ice Berg is a large mass of ice which is detached from Glacier and keeps floating in the sea.
Apogee - point in any satellite’s orbit when it is farthest from earth. Moon – 152 million kms.
Perigee – point in the orbit of satellite’ orbit when it is nearest from earth. Moon – 147 million kms.
India
India is the 7th largest and 2nd most populous country in the world.
Population of India is more than 1000 million.
It has 2.4 % of land resources of the world & almost 16% of the total population of the world.
It is bound by the great Himalayas in the north.
It stretches towards South with the Bay of Bengal on the East and the Arabian Sea on the West.
It lies entirely in the Northern Hemisphere. Tropic of Cancer passes through the centre of India.
The Main lands of India lies between 8 degree 4 minutes & 37 degree 6 minutes North of equator and 68 degree 7 minutes and 97 degree 24 minutes east of Greenwich.
Distance from North to South is 3214 km
Distance from East to West is 2933 km.
Length of coast line in 7516.6 km.
Length of land frontiers 15200 km.
Total area is 82,87,263 km.
According to theory of continental drift the Indian Peninsula was part of Ancient continent part known as Gondwanaland , situated near South Pole from which it broke away and drifted Northward. The Indian sub-continent consist of 3 structural continent.
1. The Great Mountain wall of the North
2. The Northern Plains.
3. The Peninsular India.
India has several mountain ranges, chief among them are The Himalayas, The Vindiyala, The Satpuras, The Aravalies, The Western Ghats and The Eastern Ghats.
K2 or Godwin Austin of Karakoram Range is the highest Mountain peak of India, it has a height of 8611 meters.
The northern most range is known as the Great Himalayas or Himadari.
The Peer Panjal lies in Kashmir and Khaula Khar in Jammu belong to middle Himalayas.
Shipkila pass is located in Tibet.
Nathula is located in Sikkim connects India and Lahasa.
Bomdila pass lies in Arunachal Pradesh.
Gurushikhar on the habbu hills is the highest peak of Aravalies (Rajasthan).
India is the 4th largest consumers of fertilizers.
Rivers of India can be divided into two groups.
Himalayan Rivers
The rivers of Peninsular India.
The Himalayan Rivers are generally snow fed and continue to flow throughout the year. The main river systems are
The Indus System – the Indus rises form the spring of Sengge Khabab which is located about 100 km North of Mansarovar. It flows North West for 200 km in Tibet before entering Kashmir. It is about 2900 km in length, large part of Indus basin in India lies in J&K, Himachal Pradesh & Punjab. Its main tributaries are Satluj, Beas, Ravi, Chenab and Jehlum.
The Ganga System – The Ganga is over 2500 km long. The Bhagirathi which is the main headwater of Ganga rises form Gangotri Glacies at Gomuk, an ice cave. At Devprayag the Alakhnanda joins Bhagirathi. Alakhnanda rises from Alka Puri Glacier. Mandakhni which is fed by Melted water of Ghorabari Glacier also joins them than this combine water taken the name Ganga. The tributaries of Ganga are Yamuna, Ghagar, Gomti, Kosi, Sone, Damodar and Gandhak.
At Raj Mahal hills Ganga is divided into two parts. Hugli which enters bay of Bengal. The other part which flows through Bangladesh is called Padma after meeting Bharamputra in South Bangladesh another river Meghna meets the main stream and than the joint stream is known as Meghna.
Yamuna is the most important tributary of Gangs it rises from Yamnotri Glacier which joins Ganga at Allahabad on right bank. Tributaries of Yamuna are Chambal, Betwa and Ken.
The Bharamputra rises in Tibet from Chema Yung dung Glacier near Mansarovar. It is slightly larger than Indus it flows in Tibet for 1250 km and is known as Tangspo. In Arunachal padesh it is known as Dihang. After confluence of Lohit, Dihang, and Manas it is known as Bharamputra. In the Northern Bangladesh before meeting Ganga it is known as Jamuna.
Nearly 70% of the people of India are dependant on agriculture. In India there are two cropping seasons
1. Kharif from July to October
2. Rabi from October to March.
Wheat : Its plant require cool climate in the beginning and hot weather at the time of harvesting. It needs an annual rainfall of 20 inches to 30 inches. Clay soil is the most favorable soil. Largest producer is UP.
Sugarcane : India is the largest sugarcane producing county in the world. It accounts for nearly 37% of the total world’s production. UP is the largest producer.
Tea : India is largest tea producing country but it is being closely followed by China & Srilanka. Tea is grown on mountain slopes and requires at least 60 inches rain fall, stagnant water spoils the tea plant so step cultivation is resorted to. Largest producer is Assam.
Coffee – requires warm, moist climate and a height of 1500-2500 feet with 60 inches rainfall. Largest producer Karnataka.
Tobacco – India is second largest producer after USA and the largest consumer of Tobacco largest producing state is A.P.
Ground nut largest producer Gujrat
Cotton largest producer Maharastra.
Jute largest producer West Bengal.
Rubber largest producer Kerela.
Mount Everest is the highest peak in the World located in Nepal and Tibet - 8848 Mts.
Sri Lanka is separated by India by a narrow channel of water formed by Palk Strait and Gulf of Mannar.
State rich in Sandalwood Karnataka
Gold Mine Panna Madhya Pradesh
Gold Mine Kolar Karnataka
Research Institute & Centers.
1. Central Fuel Research Center - Dhanbad (Bihar)
2. National Physical Laboratory - New Delhi.
3. Central Electronics Engineering Center - Pilani
4. National Institute of Oceanography - Panaji (Goa)
5. Central Salt and Marine Chemical Center - Bhavnagar (Gujrat)
6. Indian Institute of Petroleum - Dehradun (UP)
7. Central Patato Research Institute - Shimla(HP)
8. Central Dairy Research Institute - Karnal
9. National Chemical Laboratory - Pune (Maharastra)
10. Central Rice Institute - Cuttak
11. Indian Institute of Soil research - Bhopal (MP)
12. Central Leather Research Institute - Chennai (TN)
13. Central Drug Research Institute - Lucknow (UP)
14. Central Food Technology Research Institute - Mysoor (Karnataka)
15. Central Building Research Institute - Rudke (UP)
16. Central Road Research Institute - Delhi
17. Central Mining Research Institute - Dhanbad
18. National Aeronautical lab - Banglore (Karnataka)
19. National Meteorological lab - Jamshedpur
20. Atomic Energy Commission - Mumbai
21. Bhabha Atomic Research Center - Traumbay
22. High Altitude Research lab - Gulmargh.
23. Electronic Cooperation of India - Hydrabad
24. Indian Rare Earth’s ltd. - Alwaye (Kerala)
25. Institute of Nuclear Physics - Calcutta.
26. Tata Institute of fundamental research - Mumbai
27. Uranium Corporation of India. - Jadoguda (Bihar)
28. Indian Cancer Research Institute - Mumbai
29. National TB Institute - Bangalore
30. Indian scientific satellite project - Bangalore
31. Indian Space Research Organisation - Bangalore
32. Satellite Launch Vehicle Project - Thriruvantapuram
33. Space Application Centre - Ahmedabad
34. Space Commission - Bangalore
35. Sri Harikota Range - Andhra Pradesh
36. Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station - Thrivanantapuram
37. Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre - Thrivanantapuram
Our National Parks.
1. Kaziranga National Park - Assam (Rhinos)
2. Manas Sanctuary - Assam (Wild Buffaloes)
3. Hazari Bagh Sanctuary - Bihar
4. Gir National Park - Gujrat (Lions)
5. Bandhipur Sanctuary - Karnataka
6. Chandraprabh sanctuary - Varanasi (UP)
7. Korbet National Park - U.P.
8. Ghanna Bird Sanctuary - Rajasthan
9. Jaldapara Sanctuary - West Bengal.
10. Kanha National Park - M.P.
11. Mudumalai Sanctuary - Tamil Nadu
12. Rangan Thithu Bird Santuary - Karnataka
13. Periyar Sanctuary - Kerela (Elephants)
14. Shivpuri National Park - M.P.
15. Sunderbans Sanctuary - West Bengal
16. Vedan thangal Bird Sanctuary - Tamil Nadu
17. Indira Priyadarshan Sanctuary - Delhi.
18. Dudhawa National Park - UP.
19. Sariska Sanctuary - Rajasthan (Bird shooting)
20. Dachigam National Park - J & K.
Our Multipurpose Projects
Dams State Rivers
1. Nagarjun Sagar Dam AP Krishna
2. Gandhak Project Bihar & Nepal
3. Tunghbadhara Project AP & Karnataka
4. Kosi Project Bihar
5. Karabara Project Gujarat Tapti
6. Ukai Gujarat Tapti
7. Mahi project Gujarat
8. Chambal Project MP & Rajasthan
9. Hirakund Project Orissa Mahanadi
(Longest dam)
10. Bhakda Nangal Project Punjab Satluj
(It is the biggest Multipurpose Project)
(It is the highest State Gravity Dam)
11. Korba Project MP
12. Koyna Project MP
13. Talchar Project Orissa
14. Damodar Valley Project Bihar & WB
(India has signed an agreement with Bangladesh for sharing the resources)
15. Rihand Project UP
16. Tehri Dam UP Bhagirathi.
17. Sqlal Project J&K Chenab
18. Theim Dam Punjab Ravi
19. Marttur Dam TN
20. Almattin Dam Karnataka
21. Ram Ganga Project UP Ganga
22. Faraka Project WB Ganga
23. Chukka Project Bhutan Vankchu
24. Eduki Kerela (developed with the help of Canada)
25. Shri Shalin Project AP Krishna
26. Kalindi Project Karnataka
Power, Steel & Nuclear Projects
Plants State
1. Dugapur Stell Plant - West Bengal – help of UK
2. Kojentric Power Plant - Karnataka
3. Tarapur Power Plant - Maharastra
4. Kota Power Plant - Rajasthan
5. Narora Power Plant - UP
6. Kalpakam Power Plant - TN
7. Kega Power Plant - Karnataka
8. 1st Nuclear reactor - Apsara - Bombay
9. Cyrus Nuclear Reactor - Traumbay
10. Zerlina Nuclear Reactor - Traumbay
11. Purnima Nuclear Reactor - Traumbay
12. Dhruva Nuclear Reactor - Traumbay
13. Kamini Nuclear Reactor - Traumbay
City River
1. Agra Yamuna
2. Allahabad Ganga
3. Kolkata Hugli
4. Jamshedpur Sawarn Rekha
5. Haridwar Ganga
6. Nashik Godawri
7. Sri Nagar Jelum
8. Surat Tapti
9. Ludhian Satluj
10. Lucknow Gomti
11. Vijaywara Krishna
12. Patna Ganga
13. Shri Ranga Patnam Cuveri
14. Jabalpur Narmada
Largest Producers
1. India – Mica, Groundnut, Jute, Tea.
2. Russia – Copper, diamond, Graphite, Iron ore, Petroleum products, Barley, potato, wheat, cement, crude steel, fertilizers, synthetic rubber, oats, timber.
3. USA – Aluminum, coal, natural gas, platinum, salt, phosphate, uranium, maize, soybeans, tomatoes, meat.
4. Australia – Bauxite, wool
5. South Africa – Gold
6. Italy – Mercury, Sulfur,
7. Canada – Nickel ore, zinc ore, newsprint.
8. Peru – Silver
9. Brazil – Coffee, oranges
10. China – Cotton, millet, rice, tobacco.
11. Malaysia – Rubber.
12. Japan – Silk, merchant vessels, passenger cars, fish, grapes.
Types of cultivation
1. Sedentary cultivation – also called settled cultivation, it is the practice of continued us e of land year after year i.e., normal practice.
2. Shifting cultivation – under this land is used for a few years until the fertility level drops when the farmer moves on to a new plot of land. Practiced mostly by tribal people, it is called Jhoom in Assam, Ponam in Kerala, Podu in Andhra Pradesh . Being highly wasteful a practice it is discouraged.
3. Terrace cultivation – In mountain areas cultivation is done on terraced fields in the same manner as settled cultivation in terms of land use. Terraces are made to check the rat eof soil erosion on steep slopes.
4. Wet farming – This is the practice of farming with the help of irrigation when the amount of rainfall fall short of requirement. Rice and Sugarcane are typical crops of this system of cultivation.
5. Dry cultivation – is done in areas where there are no irrigation facilities.
6. Crop rotation – This is the practice of growing different crops in succession so that the soil remains fertile. The rotation of crops may take 1 year or a number of years.
7. Multiple farming – Cultivation of crops and raising of cattle simultaneously is called mixed farming. This term is also used to denote the practice of growing two or more crops on the same plot of land.
Ports
Major Ports on the West Coast.
1. Kandla - Gujarat
2. Bombay - Maharastra
3. Marmagoa - Goa
4. New Manglore - Karnataka
5. Cochine - Kerala
6. Jawahar lal Nehru Port - Near Bombay
Major Ports on the East Coast.
1. Toticorin & Madras - Tamil Nadu
2. Vishakhapatnam - Andhra Pradesh
3. Paradip - Orissa.
4. Calcutta Haldia - West Bengal
1. Among major ports Bombay handles maximum traffic. It is natural harbor. It handles over 1/5th of the total traffic of ports. Mostly petroleum products and dry cargo.
2. Kandla is a tidal port and a free trade zone has been setup here. Important traffic handled are crude oil, petroleum products, edible oil, food grains, salt, cotton etc.
3. Marmagoa occupies 5th position in terms of total quantum of traffic handled from new Manglore iron ore of Kandremukh being exported, other items are petroleum products, fertilizers etc.
4. Cochin is the natural harbor dealing in fertilizers, petroleum and general cargo.
5. Tuticorin handles mainly coal, salt, edible oil, dry cargo and petroleum products
6. Madras is the 2nd largest port in the volume of traffic handled. Important itmes are petroleum products, crude oil, fertilizers, iron ore and dry cargo.
7. Vishakhepatnam is the deepest port and outer harbor has been developed for exporting iron ore and a birth for cured oil is located here.
8. Calcutta is a riverine port handling diversified commodities.
9. Paradeep handles iron ore and some quantities of coal and dry cargo.
10. Jawahar Lal Nehru Port is equipped with model facilities having mechanised container births for handling dry bulk cargo and service births.
The Universe
The universe is believed to be 50 billion years old. It consist of unimaginary huge space and stars. Stars are not uniformly scattered. They occur in clusters or galaxies.
In the second century B.C. a Greek astronomer Ptolmy declared that all bodies revolves around the earth.
Later on Copernicus gave the theory that the sun is the center of the Universe.
Big Bang theory
It is explained by a Belgium astronomer A.G. Lemeitre.
According to this theory billions of years ago cosmic matters i.e. the universe was in an extremely condensed state. A big explosion broke up the super dense ball and cast its fragments far out into space. It is from these speeding fragments of matter that our galaxy have been formed. The farthest pieces are flying the fastest.
Steady Sate Theory
It is exclaimed by Thoma Gold, Hermanbondi. It is know as the continuous creation theory. It states that as old galaxies move apart new galaxies are being formed from the new matter.
Pulsating Universe Theory
It is advocated by Dr. Alan. This theory states that the universe expand and contracts alternatively between period running into tens of billions of years.
Theory of geocentric universe was given by Ptolemy.
Almegest book was written by Ptolemy.
Stars
Stars are clusters of clouds and gasses. It contracts under its own gravitational force. The gradual shrinking process of the huge ball initially called Protostar, goes on till the fusion reaction begins.
The colour of the stars depend on the temperature of the stars.
Red stars are cooler than white stars.
White stars are cooler than blue stars.
Yellow stars are comparatively hot.
The stars which have consumed 10% of their fuel appears reddish because they grow in size are know as Red Giants.
The light from stars travel through different moving layers in the space with different densities and temperatures. This leads to the twinkling of the stars.
The brightest star in the sky is Sirius or Dog Star.
Distance between Earth and Alpha Century is 4.3 light years.
Parsec is the unit of measuring inter stellar distances. 1 Parsec = 3.26 light years.
All stars rises in the East and sets in the West.
Nebulae is the cloud of rarely found gasses which exists between stars and glows with the light of stars.
Initial stage of star is known as Protostar
Quaras are quasi stellar bodies emitting radio signals.
Black Hole or Neutron Stars
It is a type of star whose density is very high. Because of this high density its gravitational pull become so excessive that even the light rays can’t escape from it. Thus it can’t be seen by an optical telescope.
Supernovae – Are violent explosions of massive stars in which all but he inner core of the star is blown off. It leaves behind black holes or neutron stars.
Black holes are detected by Radio telescope.
Galaxies
Galaxies are giant clusters of stars. There are three types of galaxies.
i. Elliptical Shaped Galaxy - consist of older stars.
ii. Spiral Shaped Galaxy - consist of bright and young stars
iii. Irregular shape galaxy
Almost 75% of the galaxies are spiral shaped, 20% are elliptical and 5% are irregular shaped.
The galaxy of which our solar system is a part is known as Milky Way. It is a spiral shaped galaxy.
The nearest galaxy outside milky way is Megelton.
Another well known galaxy is Andromeda.
Milky way is a cluster of 150 billion stars. It is thicker in the middle and thins out at the edges. The sun which belongs to this galaxy is situated towards the North of central plain. All the stars in the milky way revolve around a centre. The galaxy is not uniformally bright.
Nearest galaxies to earth are Larch, Maglanic clouds & Small Maglenic Clouds.
Constellation
Is a closed group of stars which resemble the shape of an animal or human. Ursa Major, Great Bear, Orien etc. are constellations.
There are 88 constellations.
Orion, Great Bear, Pleides constellation of stars are seen during winter.
Scorpio is seen during summers.
Pole Star is the part of Ursa Major constellation.
Comets
Comets are luminous bodies with a tail moving round the sun in elliptical or parabolic path.
Elliptical comets are periodic while parabolic appears only once.
The tail is made up of gasses and dust. It develops when comet approach the sun and recedes when the comet moves away from the sun.
This tail always points away from the sun because of the repulsive force of the sun’s radiation.
Haley Comet appears after 76 years. It was first seen in 467 B.C. It was last seen in 1986.
Sun
Is a fixed type of star.
It is the centre of the solar system.
It is made up of extremely hot gasses mainly Hydrogen and Helium.
Energy is produced in the sun by the process of nuclear fission.
The stars closest of our solar system is known as Alfa Century or Proxima Century.
The sun is moving at a speed of 250 km/sec.
Sun takes about 250 years to complete one revolution round its centre. The period is called Cosmic Year.
Sun completes one rotation in 25 days 9 hrs and 4 mins.
It takes 8.3 mins. for the light to reach from sun to earth.
The glowing surface of sun is called Photosphere.
Above the photosphere is Chromospheres.
The outer most portion is called Corona, which is visible only during eclipse.
The visible light of the sun is made up of 7 colours VIBGYOR.
Sun light also contain Ultra Violet Rays and Infra Red Rays.
Ultra Violet rays have wave length shorter than the visible spectrum of VIBGYOR.
U.V. Rays are harmful for human beings and can cause skin cancer.
U.V. Rays are mostly absorbed by Ozone Layer present in the upper atmosphere.
The rays having larger frequency visible spectrum are known as Infra Red Rays. These rays are hot and are responsible for the heating effect.
The average distance between the earth and the sun is 149 million Kms.
The maximum distance being 152 Kms called Aphelion - 4th July
The minimum distance 147 Kms know as Perihelion -5th January.
Sun spots
At certain point on the sun’s surface the temperature is 4500 degree. These are the points from where extremely hot gasses escape in to the space. They work as the safety value of the sun.
Sun spots were discovered first of all by Galileo.
These spots have intense magnetic field.
The number of spots vary from year to year with a periodic cycle of 11 years.
This periodicity is known as sun spot cycle.
The expected life of the sun is 10 billion years.
Asteroids are small planets moving between orbits of Mass and Jupiter in a belt. Largest asteroid is Ceres.
Meteoroids are small bodies of mass which become luminous by friction on entering earth’s atmosphere they are popularly known as shooting stars.
Solar System
The solar system consist of Sun, Asteroids, 9 Planets & 32 Satellite.
Mercury - Closet to sun, smallest planet, No satellite, weak magnetic field, fastest moving, completes one revolution in 88 days.
Venus - closest to the earth, known as sister planet of the earth because of the similarity in physical fabric of the planet. It is the brightest, hottest planet known as morning star or evening star. It rotates in a clock wise direction. That is from east to west which is contrary to the motion of most other planets. Venus is named after the Roman Goddess of beauty.
Venus has an atmosphere in which carbon dioxide gas is found in plenty. This Co2 gas causes the green house effect & accumulates heats on Venus. Therefore Venus is the hottest planet.
Venus increases and decreases like Moon in size.
Mars – also known as planet with red spots. Known as world of valleys and volcanoes. It has two satellites Phobos (fear) and Deimos (terror). It has polar ice caps like earth. Its axis is tilted.
Jupiter – is the largest planet in the solar system. It is 11 times larger than the earth. It has 16 satellites. Ganymede, one of its satellite is the largest satellite in our solar system. Recently shoe-maker levy- 9 comet collided with it.
Saturn – is the 2nd largest planet known for its cosmos rings, magnetic fields, 23 satellites which is the maximum no of satellite any planet has. It is the slowest moving planet & completes one revolution in 30 years. Discovered by Galileo. Its biggest satellite is known as Titan.
Uranus - is not visible to naked eyes and was the first planet to be discovered telescopically by William Hershel in 1781. Like Venus it also rotates clock wise and has 15 satellites.
Neptune – It was discovered by J.G. Galle in 1846. It completes one rotation in 165 years because of inter-section of its orbit with that of Pluto it became the farthest planet for a temporary period of 20 years. Completes one revolution in 165 years has 8 satellites.
Pluto – is the smallest, coldest planet which will also become farthest in March 1999. It has 1 satellite. It is named after roman god of Underworld.
The four inner most planet in the Solar system namely Mercury, Venus, Earth & mars are known as terrestrial planets. Because they have a compact rocky surface like the earth.
Four other planets name Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus & Neptune are known as Jovian Planets as they have similarity with Jupiter.
Hallos
Are beautiful rings of colored light around sun & moon. They are caused by the reflection of light by ice crystals in the atmosphere.
Earth
Earth is the 3rd planet placed between Venus & Mars.
The shape of the earth is Oblate Spheroid, i.e., it bulges out at the equator and it flattened at the poles.
The reason for flattening the pole is that the rotation of earth develops outward a centrifugal force which is maximum at the equator.
The equatorial diameter – 12756 kms.
The Polar diameter - 12714 kms.
Circumference - 510,100,570 kms.
The speed of revolution is 107220 kms.
Geoid is the theoretical shape of the earth ignoring its surface irregularities.
Earth rotates from West to East in anti clock wise direction. It completes one rotation in 24 hrs w.r.t. sun. – This time period is known as SOLAR DAY.
Earth completes one rotation w.r.t. any fixed star in 23 hrs 56 mins 4 sec. This time period is known as SIDERIAL DAY.
Simultaneous with the rotation, the earth also moves round the sun known as Revolution.
Earth completes one revolution in 365 days 5 hrs 48 mins and 45 secs.
Earth revolves around the sun in a fixed path which is elliptical in shape and is known as ORBIT.
70% of the total surface area of the earth is covered with water called as Hydrosphere.
29% of the area is land portion and is known as Lithosphere.
The average thickness of Lithosphere is 60 Km.
The crust layers comprises of rocks, rich in Silicon and Aluminium – SIAL
Below SIAL lies MENTAL upto a depth of 2900 kms it consists of SIMA i.e. Silicon and Magnesium.
The core of the earth consist of metal in liquid form. It has a radius of 3400 Km. As Nickel and Iron are dominant in the core called NIFE.
NIFE accounts for the magnetism of the earth.
Six most abundant elements in the crust are
Oxygen 49.8%, Calcium & Sodium in smaller quantities.
Silicon 26.03%
Iron 4.12 %
ROTATION
Days and Nights are formed as a result of the rotation of the Earth. Another important effect of rotation is that winds and currents change their direction. They turn towards right in Northern Hemisphere and towards Left in Southern hemisphere. This law is given by Ferrel so it is known as Ferrel’s Law.
Change of seasons occur because of revolution of the Earth.
INCLINATION
The two hemisphere experiences summer when they are in the front of sun and winter when they are away from the sun.
The axis of the earth is an imaginary line passing through the centre of the earth.
The axis of the earth always points in the one direction in the space.
Earth spins round its axis which remain inclined at an angle of 661/2o to the plane of its orbit.
The ends of the axis are called poles one is North Pole and other South Pole.
Summers are hotter because summer days are longer than night. During day time earth absorbs heat from the sun and during night it radiates heat. Since days are longer the earth absorbs more heat and is able to radiate less heat. Heat accumulates and makes summer hotter.
Tropics are the turning points from where the sun starts reverse journey. 231/2o North of equator is known as Tropic of Cancer and 231/2o south is known as Tropic of Capricorn.
SOLSTICE
Is a date when sun shines over any tropic.
Sun shines vertically over Tropic of Capricorn on 22nd December – it lies in Southern hemisphere, as a result there is summer solstice in the southern hemisphere and winter solstice in Northern Hemisphere.
Sun shines vertically over Tropic of Cancer on 21st June – it lies in Northern hemisphere, as a result there is summer solstice in the northern hemisphere and winter solstice in Southern Hemisphere.
Equator represent imaginary line passing round the earth midway between north and south pole. It thus divide the earth in two equal halves i.e., Northern hemisphere and southern hemisphere.
Latitude is the angular distance from equator. They are the parallel liens to the equator. The latitude of equator and as we move towards poles the latitude rises. It is maximum i.e. 90o
Arctic Circle is the circle drawn at 231/2o North Pole.
Antarctic Circle is the circle drawn at 231/2o South Pole.
Meridians are imaginary lines drawn on the global map connecting the two poles. There are 360 meridians in all. For the sake of convenience the meridians passing through Greenwich is known as Prime Meridian. The distance between two successive meridian is 111 Kms and there is a time difference of 4 minutes.
Longitudes are equidistant lines drawn east to west of Greenwich meridian. They denote angular distances of a place east or west of the Prime meridian.
Torrid Zone – Tropic zone : The area between 231/2o North and South of equator ie. Between the poles the tropic of Cancer and tropic of Capricorn. This is the hottest zone since the rays of sun are nearly perpendicular than in any other zone.
Frigid zone : The area between the North pole and Arctic circle is known as North frigid zone and between South pole and Antarctic Circle is known as South Frigid Zone.
Temperate Zone : lies between 661/2o from poles. The region between tropic of Cancer and Arctic circle is known as North Temperate Zone.
The places within the Arctic circle and Antarctic circle remain in light for some period during their respective summer. There is a day of 24 hrs. This phenomenon can be seen at places on North and South pole. The places from where this phenomenon can be seen include Norway, North Russia, Greenland etc.
EQUINOX
Is the position when sun rays falls vertically over equator making the duration of days and nights equal through out the globe.
21st & 22nd March, which is know as Spring Equinox.
22nd and 23rd September called Autumn Equinox.
Eclipses
Lunar Eclipse
The earth rotates round the sun and the moon (a natural satellite of the earth) moves round it. Many times the earth comes between sun and moon. Since all bodies in the solar system take light and heat from the sun. Earth causes its shadow on the moon. This is known as Lunar Eclipse.
As the earth the moon and the sun are in the same plane the lunar eclipse occur only on a full moon day.
Solar eclipse
When moon comes between the sun and earth, it causes its shadow on the earth known as Solar eclipse. It happens only on a new moon day.
Tides
Is the periodic rise and fall of sea water. The rise and fall occur alternatively twice a day. The tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and the sun on earth’s surface including the sea water. When moon and earth revolves around each other a centrifugal force is produced. Tides are caused twice a day.
Spring Tide
When sun and moon are in the same line they pull earth gravitationally in the same direction. The combined pull causes a high tide known as Spring Tide.
Neap Tides
When sun and moon are at right angle the gravitational pull is exerted in a opposite direction and tide’s caused are low. There are called Neap Tides.
Uses of tides
No delta is formed at the mouth of the river they remain navigable.
Sea water does not freeze .
Sea level do not rise
Tides carry away the mud brought by the rivers.
Winds having as speed between 56 & 72 kms is known as gale.
Winds having a speed of 72 to 112 kms are known as Storm
Rift valley is a long & Narrow valley formed by sinking of a portion of the earth.
A vast accumulation of ice which moves slowly till it melts and forms a river is known as Glaciers.
Ice Berg is a large mass of ice which is detached from Glacier & keeps floating in the sea.
Geyser is a fountain of hot water issuing from a hole which extend deep into the earth crust. It also contains minerals.
The local time of the place is 12.00 noon when sun shines vertically overhead. It varies from GMT @ of 4 mins for 1o change in longitude.
Greenwich Mean time (GMT/World Time) is U.K’s standard time. It is based on the local time of the Prime Meridian.
Standard time is the local time of a place used through out the country.
Indian Standard Time is local time of the place near Allahabad (Mirzapur) situated at 881/2o East longitude.
Lines
COUNTOUR LINE : are lines joining places of equal heights above the sea level on a map.
ISOTHERMS : are lines connecting places of equal temperature.
ISOHELS : are lines connecting places of equal sunshine.
ISOLATES : are lines joining places of equal rainfall.
ISOHALINES : are lines joining places of equal sea salinity.
International date line : 180o meridian is called as International date line. When ships cross this line while going towards east they add a day and while going towards west they omit one day i.e. count the same date again.
Durand Lind : boundary line between India and Afghanistan.
Mc Mohan Line : boundary line between India and China.
Red Cliff Line : boundary line between India and Pakistan.
Snow Line : Is the line beyond which snow never melt. It varies according to altitude.
17th parallel line between India & Pakistan has claimed by Pakistan
Instruments
Hygrometer – used to measure Relative Humidity.
Hydrometer – used to measure density of milk.
Barometer – used to measure atmospheric pressure.
Seismograph – used to measure earthquake.
Rocks
Igneous rocks – are formed by the cooling of Molten lava or magma. They are also known as primary rocks almost 95% of the earth crust is made up of Igneous rocks. Eg. Granite, Basalt, Quartz.
Sedimentary rocks – are formed by material which has accumulated as a result of various process such as deposited by river, wind etc. Eg. Chalk & Lime stone.
Metamorphic rocks – are formed from Igneous rocks or sedimentary rock by heat pressure or action of water. Eg. Limestone is converted in marble, sandstone is converted into quartzite etc.
Weathering: is breaking up or disintegration of rocks in situ. Chief agents are temperature, air pressure, rain etc.
Rift Valley is a long and narrow valley formed by sinking of a portion of the earth.
Glaciers is a vast accumulation of ice which moves slowly till it melts and forms a river.
Ice Berg is a large mass of ice which is detached from Glacier and keeps floating in the sea.
Apogee - point in any satellite’s orbit when it is farthest from earth. Moon – 152 million kms.
Perigee – point in the orbit of satellite’ orbit when it is nearest from earth. Moon – 147 million kms.
India
India is the 7th largest and 2nd most populous country in the world.
Population of India is more than 1000 million.
It has 2.4 % of land resources of the world & almost 16% of the total population of the world.
It is bound by the great Himalayas in the north.
It stretches towards South with the Bay of Bengal on the East and the Arabian Sea on the West.
It lies entirely in the Northern Hemisphere. Tropic of Cancer passes through the centre of India.
The Main lands of India lies between 8 degree 4 minutes & 37 degree 6 minutes North of equator and 68 degree 7 minutes and 97 degree 24 minutes east of Greenwich.
Distance from North to South is 3214 km
Distance from East to West is 2933 km.
Length of coast line in 7516.6 km.
Length of land frontiers 15200 km.
Total area is 82,87,263 km.
According to theory of continental drift the Indian Peninsula was part of Ancient continent part known as Gondwanaland , situated near South Pole from which it broke away and drifted Northward. The Indian sub-continent consist of 3 structural continent.
1. The Great Mountain wall of the North
2. The Northern Plains.
3. The Peninsular India.
India has several mountain ranges, chief among them are The Himalayas, The Vindiyala, The Satpuras, The Aravalies, The Western Ghats and The Eastern Ghats.
K2 or Godwin Austin of Karakoram Range is the highest Mountain peak of India, it has a height of 8611 meters.
The northern most range is known as the Great Himalayas or Himadari.
The Peer Panjal lies in Kashmir and Khaula Khar in Jammu belong to middle Himalayas.
Shipkila pass is located in Tibet.
Nathula is located in Sikkim connects India and Lahasa.
Bomdila pass lies in Arunachal Pradesh.
Gurushikhar on the habbu hills is the highest peak of Aravalies (Rajasthan).
India is the 4th largest consumers of fertilizers.
Rivers of India can be divided into two groups.
Himalayan Rivers
The rivers of Peninsular India.
The Himalayan Rivers are generally snow fed and continue to flow throughout the year. The main river systems are
The Indus System – the Indus rises form the spring of Sengge Khabab which is located about 100 km North of Mansarovar. It flows North West for 200 km in Tibet before entering Kashmir. It is about 2900 km in length, large part of Indus basin in India lies in J&K, Himachal Pradesh & Punjab. Its main tributaries are Satluj, Beas, Ravi, Chenab and Jehlum.
The Ganga System – The Ganga is over 2500 km long. The Bhagirathi which is the main headwater of Ganga rises form Gangotri Glacies at Gomuk, an ice cave. At Devprayag the Alakhnanda joins Bhagirathi. Alakhnanda rises from Alka Puri Glacier. Mandakhni which is fed by Melted water of Ghorabari Glacier also joins them than this combine water taken the name Ganga. The tributaries of Ganga are Yamuna, Ghagar, Gomti, Kosi, Sone, Damodar and Gandhak.
At Raj Mahal hills Ganga is divided into two parts. Hugli which enters bay of Bengal. The other part which flows through Bangladesh is called Padma after meeting Bharamputra in South Bangladesh another river Meghna meets the main stream and than the joint stream is known as Meghna.
Yamuna is the most important tributary of Gangs it rises from Yamnotri Glacier which joins Ganga at Allahabad on right bank. Tributaries of Yamuna are Chambal, Betwa and Ken.
The Bharamputra rises in Tibet from Chema Yung dung Glacier near Mansarovar. It is slightly larger than Indus it flows in Tibet for 1250 km and is known as Tangspo. In Arunachal padesh it is known as Dihang. After confluence of Lohit, Dihang, and Manas it is known as Bharamputra. In the Northern Bangladesh before meeting Ganga it is known as Jamuna.
Nearly 70% of the people of India are dependant on agriculture. In India there are two cropping seasons
1. Kharif from July to October
2. Rabi from October to March.
Wheat : Its plant require cool climate in the beginning and hot weather at the time of harvesting. It needs an annual rainfall of 20 inches to 30 inches. Clay soil is the most favorable soil. Largest producer is UP.
Sugarcane : India is the largest sugarcane producing county in the world. It accounts for nearly 37% of the total world’s production. UP is the largest producer.
Tea : India is largest tea producing country but it is being closely followed by China & Srilanka. Tea is grown on mountain slopes and requires at least 60 inches rain fall, stagnant water spoils the tea plant so step cultivation is resorted to. Largest producer is Assam.
Coffee – requires warm, moist climate and a height of 1500-2500 feet with 60 inches rainfall. Largest producer Karnataka.
Tobacco – India is second largest producer after USA and the largest consumer of Tobacco largest producing state is A.P.
Ground nut largest producer Gujrat
Cotton largest producer Maharastra.
Jute largest producer West Bengal.
Rubber largest producer Kerela.
Mount Everest is the highest peak in the World located in Nepal and Tibet - 8848 Mts.
Sri Lanka is separated by India by a narrow channel of water formed by Palk Strait and Gulf of Mannar.
State rich in Sandalwood Karnataka
Gold Mine Panna Madhya Pradesh
Gold Mine Kolar Karnataka
Research Institute & Centers.
1. Central Fuel Research Center - Dhanbad (Bihar)
2. National Physical Laboratory - New Delhi.
3. Central Electronics Engineering Center - Pilani
4. National Institute of Oceanography - Panaji (Goa)
5. Central Salt and Marine Chemical Center - Bhavnagar (Gujrat)
6. Indian Institute of Petroleum - Dehradun (UP)
7. Central Patato Research Institute - Shimla(HP)
8. Central Dairy Research Institute - Karnal
9. National Chemical Laboratory - Pune (Maharastra)
10. Central Rice Institute - Cuttak
11. Indian Institute of Soil research - Bhopal (MP)
12. Central Leather Research Institute - Chennai (TN)
13. Central Drug Research Institute - Lucknow (UP)
14. Central Food Technology Research Institute - Mysoor (Karnataka)
15. Central Building Research Institute - Rudke (UP)
16. Central Road Research Institute - Delhi
17. Central Mining Research Institute - Dhanbad
18. National Aeronautical lab - Banglore (Karnataka)
19. National Meteorological lab - Jamshedpur
20. Atomic Energy Commission - Mumbai
21. Bhabha Atomic Research Center - Traumbay
22. High Altitude Research lab - Gulmargh.
23. Electronic Cooperation of India - Hydrabad
24. Indian Rare Earth’s ltd. - Alwaye (Kerala)
25. Institute of Nuclear Physics - Calcutta.
26. Tata Institute of fundamental research - Mumbai
27. Uranium Corporation of India. - Jadoguda (Bihar)
28. Indian Cancer Research Institute - Mumbai
29. National TB Institute - Bangalore
30. Indian scientific satellite project - Bangalore
31. Indian Space Research Organisation - Bangalore
32. Satellite Launch Vehicle Project - Thriruvantapuram
33. Space Application Centre - Ahmedabad
34. Space Commission - Bangalore
35. Sri Harikota Range - Andhra Pradesh
36. Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station - Thrivanantapuram
37. Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre - Thrivanantapuram
Our National Parks.
1. Kaziranga National Park - Assam (Rhinos)
2. Manas Sanctuary - Assam (Wild Buffaloes)
3. Hazari Bagh Sanctuary - Bihar
4. Gir National Park - Gujrat (Lions)
5. Bandhipur Sanctuary - Karnataka
6. Chandraprabh sanctuary - Varanasi (UP)
7. Korbet National Park - U.P.
8. Ghanna Bird Sanctuary - Rajasthan
9. Jaldapara Sanctuary - West Bengal.
10. Kanha National Park - M.P.
11. Mudumalai Sanctuary - Tamil Nadu
12. Rangan Thithu Bird Santuary - Karnataka
13. Periyar Sanctuary - Kerela (Elephants)
14. Shivpuri National Park - M.P.
15. Sunderbans Sanctuary - West Bengal
16. Vedan thangal Bird Sanctuary - Tamil Nadu
17. Indira Priyadarshan Sanctuary - Delhi.
18. Dudhawa National Park - UP.
19. Sariska Sanctuary - Rajasthan (Bird shooting)
20. Dachigam National Park - J & K.
Our Multipurpose Projects
Dams State Rivers
1. Nagarjun Sagar Dam AP Krishna
2. Gandhak Project Bihar & Nepal
3. Tunghbadhara Project AP & Karnataka
4. Kosi Project Bihar
5. Karabara Project Gujarat Tapti
6. Ukai Gujarat Tapti
7. Mahi project Gujarat
8. Chambal Project MP & Rajasthan
9. Hirakund Project Orissa Mahanadi
(Longest dam)
10. Bhakda Nangal Project Punjab Satluj
(It is the biggest Multipurpose Project)
(It is the highest State Gravity Dam)
11. Korba Project MP
12. Koyna Project MP
13. Talchar Project Orissa
14. Damodar Valley Project Bihar & WB
(India has signed an agreement with Bangladesh for sharing the resources)
15. Rihand Project UP
16. Tehri Dam UP Bhagirathi.
17. Sqlal Project J&K Chenab
18. Theim Dam Punjab Ravi
19. Marttur Dam TN
20. Almattin Dam Karnataka
21. Ram Ganga Project UP Ganga
22. Faraka Project WB Ganga
23. Chukka Project Bhutan Vankchu
24. Eduki Kerela (developed with the help of Canada)
25. Shri Shalin Project AP Krishna
26. Kalindi Project Karnataka
Power, Steel & Nuclear Projects
Plants State
1. Dugapur Stell Plant - West Bengal – help of UK
2. Kojentric Power Plant - Karnataka
3. Tarapur Power Plant - Maharastra
4. Kota Power Plant - Rajasthan
5. Narora Power Plant - UP
6. Kalpakam Power Plant - TN
7. Kega Power Plant - Karnataka
8. 1st Nuclear reactor - Apsara - Bombay
9. Cyrus Nuclear Reactor - Traumbay
10. Zerlina Nuclear Reactor - Traumbay
11. Purnima Nuclear Reactor - Traumbay
12. Dhruva Nuclear Reactor - Traumbay
13. Kamini Nuclear Reactor - Traumbay
City River
1. Agra Yamuna
2. Allahabad Ganga
3. Kolkata Hugli
4. Jamshedpur Sawarn Rekha
5. Haridwar Ganga
6. Nashik Godawri
7. Sri Nagar Jelum
8. Surat Tapti
9. Ludhian Satluj
10. Lucknow Gomti
11. Vijaywara Krishna
12. Patna Ganga
13. Shri Ranga Patnam Cuveri
14. Jabalpur Narmada
Largest Producers
1. India – Mica, Groundnut, Jute, Tea.
2. Russia – Copper, diamond, Graphite, Iron ore, Petroleum products, Barley, potato, wheat, cement, crude steel, fertilizers, synthetic rubber, oats, timber.
3. USA – Aluminum, coal, natural gas, platinum, salt, phosphate, uranium, maize, soybeans, tomatoes, meat.
4. Australia – Bauxite, wool
5. South Africa – Gold
6. Italy – Mercury, Sulfur,
7. Canada – Nickel ore, zinc ore, newsprint.
8. Peru – Silver
9. Brazil – Coffee, oranges
10. China – Cotton, millet, rice, tobacco.
11. Malaysia – Rubber.
12. Japan – Silk, merchant vessels, passenger cars, fish, grapes.
Types of cultivation
1. Sedentary cultivation – also called settled cultivation, it is the practice of continued us e of land year after year i.e., normal practice.
2. Shifting cultivation – under this land is used for a few years until the fertility level drops when the farmer moves on to a new plot of land. Practiced mostly by tribal people, it is called Jhoom in Assam, Ponam in Kerala, Podu in Andhra Pradesh . Being highly wasteful a practice it is discouraged.
3. Terrace cultivation – In mountain areas cultivation is done on terraced fields in the same manner as settled cultivation in terms of land use. Terraces are made to check the rat eof soil erosion on steep slopes.
4. Wet farming – This is the practice of farming with the help of irrigation when the amount of rainfall fall short of requirement. Rice and Sugarcane are typical crops of this system of cultivation.
5. Dry cultivation – is done in areas where there are no irrigation facilities.
6. Crop rotation – This is the practice of growing different crops in succession so that the soil remains fertile. The rotation of crops may take 1 year or a number of years.
7. Multiple farming – Cultivation of crops and raising of cattle simultaneously is called mixed farming. This term is also used to denote the practice of growing two or more crops on the same plot of land.
Ports
Major Ports on the West Coast.
1. Kandla - Gujarat
2. Bombay - Maharastra
3. Marmagoa - Goa
4. New Manglore - Karnataka
5. Cochine - Kerala
6. Jawahar lal Nehru Port - Near Bombay
Major Ports on the East Coast.
1. Toticorin & Madras - Tamil Nadu
2. Vishakhapatnam - Andhra Pradesh
3. Paradip - Orissa.
4. Calcutta Haldia - West Bengal
1. Among major ports Bombay handles maximum traffic. It is natural harbor. It handles over 1/5th of the total traffic of ports. Mostly petroleum products and dry cargo.
2. Kandla is a tidal port and a free trade zone has been setup here. Important traffic handled are crude oil, petroleum products, edible oil, food grains, salt, cotton etc.
3. Marmagoa occupies 5th position in terms of total quantum of traffic handled from new Manglore iron ore of Kandremukh being exported, other items are petroleum products, fertilizers etc.
4. Cochin is the natural harbor dealing in fertilizers, petroleum and general cargo.
5. Tuticorin handles mainly coal, salt, edible oil, dry cargo and petroleum products
6. Madras is the 2nd largest port in the volume of traffic handled. Important itmes are petroleum products, crude oil, fertilizers, iron ore and dry cargo.
7. Vishakhepatnam is the deepest port and outer harbor has been developed for exporting iron ore and a birth for cured oil is located here.
8. Calcutta is a riverine port handling diversified commodities.
9. Paradeep handles iron ore and some quantities of coal and dry cargo.
10. Jawahar Lal Nehru Port is equipped with model facilities having mechanised container births for handling dry bulk cargo and service births.
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